考研英语长难句(刘晓燕)笔记 第三课 名词(短语)和名词性从句

• 名词能充当什么成分？
  • 主语、宾语、表语、同位语
  • 1.主语
    • 这部电影很好看。
    • The movie looks terrific.
  • 2.宾语
    • 我欣赏阿甘的妈妈。
    • I admire his mother.
  • 3.表语
    • 阿甘真是个男人。
    • Gump is a man.
  • 4.同位语
    • 我喜欢这个部分，开始的部分。
    • I enjoy the part, the beginning.
  • ★同位语(用来解释名词的成分)
    • 举例
    • 我喜欢Eason，一个香港著名歌手。
    • I(, a university student,) like Eason, a well-known singer from Hongkong.
    • 我的妈妈，一个典型的家庭主妇，喜欢打麻将。
    • My mother, a typical housewife, enjoying playing mahjong(, a Chinese entertainment).
    • 只要在作文中见到名词都可以有意识的在它后面加一个同位语，对该名词进行补充说明。
  • ★练习
    • 坚持在...很重要。
    • Persistence(, an active mentality,) plays a critical role in the glorious of all children and adults.
  • 同位语充当的成分
    • 名词、代词、非谓语动词、从句
• 什么是名词性从句？
  • 名词在句子中能够充当的成分，从句都能充当，这就是名词性从句。
  • The movie(What I saw) looks terrific.充当主语
  • I admire his mother(what she said).充当宾语
  • Gump is a man(who We should learn from).充当表语
  • I enjoy the part, the beginning(that a feather is flying in the sky). 充当同位语，从句当同位语，前面没有逗号。
• ★名词性从句的引导词
  • 他已经离婚了是我的错。
  • It is my fault that he has divorced.
  • That he has got divorced is my fault.(因为填了that，所以从句不缺成分)
  • 他已经离婚了吗是显而易见的。
  • It is obvious that he has divorced.
  • Whether he has got divorced is abvious. （一般疑问句前加whether，后面的疑问句要变成陈述句）
  • 他会和谁结婚呢是一个秘密。
  • It is a secret that who he will marry.
  • Who he will marry is a secret.
  • ★名词性从句的引导词，按照从句的类型划分(一共分成三类)
    • That：当从句是陈述句时，并且that在从句中不充当任何成分，也没有任何意思。(That只是引导的作用)
    • Whether：当从句是一般疑问句时，并且whether在从句中不充当任何成分，意思是“是否”。
    • 所有的特殊疑问词：当从句是特殊疑问句时。
    • ★并且英语中所有的从句，一定都是陈述句的形式。(引导词 + 主语 + 谓语)
  • ★练习
    • 我正在思考外星人存在吗。
    • I an wondering whether aliens exist.
    • 女人总是对的是一个常识。
    • That ladies tend to be right remains common sense. (tend to倾向于)没有a!
    • 我的意思是孝敬父母是中华民族的一个传统美德。
    • My meaning seems that supporting the elderly remains Chinese a conventional virtue.
    • 有一天你会发现事业、亲情、友情都比爱情重要。
    • Someday, one will perceive that career, kinship and friendship prove more indispensable than romance. ( That引导的宾语从句)
    • 关键是你什么时候有钱哪。
    • The point seems whether wealth will become available for you.
• 名词性从句的考点分析
  • 1.主语从句的满分句型
    • 把主语从句放在句末，用it做形式主语。
    • 显而易见...
      • It is apparent that ...
      • It looks beyond dispute that ...
      • It has been widely accepted that ...
      • It is universally acknowledged that...
    • 我认为...
      • It keeps my argument that...
    • 主语从句的满分句型可以写在作文中任何一句话在前面，用来拉长句子。
    • ★例子：
      • 显而易见，关于养宠物这个话题已经引起广泛的关注。
      • It looks beyond dispute that issue about diligence has been brought into the limelight.
  • 同谓语从句：即可放在他所解释的名词后，也可以放在整句话的后面。
    • 他成功的找到了女朋友，这件事情使他的家人很开心。
    • The matter that he managed to find a girlfriend makes his superiors rejoiced.
      • issue公众话题
      • affair风花雪月的事
    • 没有什么能够掩盖她正在变老这个事实。
    • Nothing can hide the truth that she is getting old.
    • 河南人都是骗子这种想法是不正确的。
    • The outlook proves wrong that private individuals in Henan seem all deceivers.
    • 温室里的花朵不能经受风雨这个事实表明我们不应该溺爱孩子。
    • The evidence that flowers in the green house fail to undergo storms indicates that kids should by no means be spoiled by their senior citizens.
• 长难句分析
  • 能够识别各个名词性从句，并且把它们通顺的翻译出来。
  • 1.如何识别主语从句
    • 只要见到有引导词放在句首，并且从句后没有被逗号隔开，就一定是主语从句。
    • 主语从句从句首开始，到主句的谓语动词之前结束。
    • 除此以外，在分析长难句的时候见到It...that...通常都是主语从句，主语从句从that开始到句末结束。
    • That the plates(板块) are moving is now beyond dispute.
    • 板块移动是毋庸置疑的。
    • Whether the Government should increase the financing (资助，拨款) of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.
    • 政府应该以技术为代价来增加对纯科学的投入还是以纯科学为代价增加对技术的投入，经常取决于哪一个被看作是驱动力的问题。
    • How well the predictions will be validated(使生效;证明) by later performance(行为) depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and (depends) on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.(the information used修饰前面三个名词)
    • 以后的行为将会多么准确地证明这些预言，取决于所使用的信息的数量、可靠性和适合性，并且还取决于解释这个信息的技巧和智慧。
    • It is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, (who can)make distinctions, (who can)reason logically, and (who can) make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems.
    • 显而易见，一个高智商的人是一个能够轻易理解思想、做出辨别、进行逻辑推理，还是一个能够使用语言和数学的符号解决问题的人。
    • For example, it has long been known that total sleep deprivation(缺乏;贫困;丧失;剥夺) is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the bodies, the animals look completely normal.
    • yet并列的两个句子共同充当主语
    • deprive sb. of sth.
    • 比如说长期以来众所周知，完全的睡眠的剥夺对于老鼠来说是致命的，但是通过检查这些尸体，这些动物看起来很正常。
    • Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds．
    • 此外，显而易见的是，一个国家的经济实力和这个国家的工农业的生产率有着直接关系，并且反过来还依赖于取各类科学家和技术人员的努力。
  • 2.如何识别宾语从句
    • 只要实义动词后面有个引导词就暂定为宾语从句(状语从句还没有讲哟！)
    • She said (that) she would marry an old rich man.
    • 只有宾语从句that可以省略！正式文体不能省略。
    • I wonder if I can pass the National Postgraduate Entrance Examination smoothly.
    • 宾语从句中的“是否”可以写成if，但是if只能引导宾语从句，而whether可以引导所有的名词性从句。
    • This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in. A fact underlined(v.强调) by statistics shows that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.
    • 主语前面的一定是状语(out of eighty European television networks )
    • 这单独地说明了电视行业不是一个容易生存的世界。一个被数据支撑的事实表明，在八十个欧洲网络电视网之中，至少有50%是亏损的。
    • He believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. (in doing sth.在...的过程中)
    • 他认为就是这个困难可能具有补偿性的优势，这个优势迫使他去长时间地、认真地思考每一个句子。所以也使他能够发现推理中和他观察中的错误。
    • You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction(归纳法) and deduction(演绎法), that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skills of their own, they build up their theories.
    • it是形式宾语，men of science科学家，manage to成功地做sth.
    • 你听说过这些事情被重复吧？科学家们通过归纳法和演绎法进行工作，并且通过这些操作的帮助，他们成功地从自然中抽出了一些自然法则，并且在这些自然法则之中，通过他们自己的一些特殊技能，他们建立起了自己的理论。
  • 3.如何识别表语从句
    • 只要系动词后面有个引导词，就是表语从句
    • A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous(彬彬有礼的) and helpful most Americans were to them.
    • 一个有去美国的游客不断带回的报告是，大部分的美国人对他们是多么友好客气并且乐于助人。
    • Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.
    • 伽利略最伟大的成就是，1609年他是第1个用新发明望远镜观测天空，从而证明了行星围绕太阳转而不是围绕地球转的人。
    • Women are much too preoccupied by family. Once the marriage begins to disintegrate(解体), they are lost. That is where their unhappiness spring from and that is why most divorced mothers regard themselves as victims.(be preoccupied by...全神贯注于一件事)
    • 女人太专注于他们的家庭。一旦婚姻开始解体，她们就迷失了。这就是他们不幸的来源，这也就是为什么大部分离婚的妈妈认为自己是牺牲品的原因。
  • 如何识别同位语从句
    • 只要名词后面有个引导词，就暂定为同位语从句(更可能是定语从句哟！)。
    • Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf(沃尔夫) developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
    • 对语言和思维的方式感兴趣，沃尔夫形成了一种观点，这种观点就是语言的结构决定了一个社会中习惯性的思维模式。
    • A century ago, Freud formulated(阐述;说明) his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears.
    • 一个世纪以前，弗洛伊德阐述了他革命性的理论，这个理论就是梦是我们无意识的欲望和恐惧的一种反应。
    • But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly(深刻地) than an ordinary citizen rests on(取决于) an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.
    • 记者要比普通人更深刻理解法律的这种想法取决于对风俗传统的理解，还取决于新闻媒体的这种特殊责任。
    • Evidence came up that specific speech sounds are recognized by babies as young as 6 months old.
    • 6个月大的婴儿能够识别具体的声音，这种证据已经出现了。
    • Concerns were raised that witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to ensure guilty verdicts.
    • 为了保证有罪的判决证人，在法庭上可能会夸大他们的故事，这种担心出现了。