has not been installed

[]

雅思阅读实战16篇（附答案）

★Howtoincreasesales

Publishedonline:Nov9th2006

FromTheEconomistprintedition

Howshopscanexploitpeople'sherdmentalitytoincreasesales

othesupermarketmaynotseemlikeanexerciseinpsychological

warfare—epersknowthatfillingastorewiththearomaoffreshly

bakedbreadmakespeoplefeelhungryandpersuadesthemtobuymorefoodthan

ngthemostexpensiveproductsateyelevelmakesthemsell

earchersareinvestigating

how“swarmintelligence”(thatis,howants,beesoranysocialanimal,including

humans,behaveinacrowd)canbeusedtoinfluencewhatpeoplebuy.

entconferenceonthesimulationofadaptivebehaviourinRome,

Zeeshan-ul-hassanUsmani,acomputerscientistfromtheFloridaInstituteof

Technology,describedanewwaytoincreaseimpulsebuyingusingthisphenomenon.

Supermarketsalreadyencourageshopperstobuythingstheydidnotrealisethey

wanted:forinstance,byplacingeverydayitemssuchasmilkandeggsatthebackof

thestore,

UsmaniandRonaldoMenezes,alsooftheFloridaInstituteofTechnology,setoutto

aisthat,if

acertainproductisseentobepopular,

challengeistokeepcustomersinformedaboutwhatothersarebuying.

mani'ssupermarketeveryproducthasa

radiofrequencyidentificationtag,asortofbarcodethatusesradiowavestotransmit

information,andeverytrolleyhasascannerthatreadsthisinformationandrelaysitto

tomerwalkspastashelfofgoods,ascreenontheshelf

tellshimhowmanypeoplecurrentlyintheshophavechosenthatparticularproduct.

Ifthenumberishigh,heismorelikelytoselectittoo.

ni's“swarm-moves”modelappealstosupermarketsbecauseit

ivesshoppersthe

satisfactionofknowingthattheyboughtthe“right”product—thatis,theone

elhasnotyetbeentestedwidelyintherealworld,

mainlybecauseradiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyisnewandhasonlybeen

smanisaysthatboth

[]

Wal-MartinAmericaandTescoinBritainareinterestedinhiswork,andtestingwill

getunderwayinthespring.

rrecentstudyonthepowerofsocialinfluenceindicatesthatsalescould,

indeed,wSalganikofColumbiaUniversityinNew

Yorkandhiscolleagueshavedescribedcreatinganartificialmusicmarketinwhich

some14,earchersfound

thatwhenpeoplecouldseethesongsrankedbyhowmanytimestheyhadbeen

downloaded,esongswerenotorderedbyrank,but

thenumberoftimestheyhadbeendownloadedwasdisplayed,theeffectofsocial

thusfollowtheherdwhenit

iseasyforthemtodoso.

nachainofconvenienceshopscalledRanKingRanQueenhasbeen

orderingitsproductsaccordingtosalesdatafromdepartmentstoresandresearch

pssellonlythemostpopularitemsineachproductcategory,and

tem,acompanyinCambridge,Massachusetts,

alsoaimstoexploitknowledgeofsocialnetworkingtoimprovesales.

psychologythatworksinphysicalstoresisjustaspotentonthe

retailerssuchasAmazonareadeptattellingshopperswhichproducts

theprivacyofyourhome,youcan

stillbepartoftheswarm.

(644words)

Questions1-6

MORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.

nersrealizethatthesmellof_______________canincreasesalesof

foodproducts.

s,productsshelvedatamorevisiblelevelsellbettereveniftheyare

more_______________.

,withtheuseof“swarmintelligence”phenomenon,

anewmethodcanbeappliedtoencourage_______________.

aytoeverydayitemsatthebackofthestore,shoppersmightbe

temptedtobuy_______________.

umberofbuyersshownonthe_______________ishigh,other

[]

customerstendtofollowthem.

he“swarm-moves”model,shopownersdonothavetogivecustomers

_______________toincreasesales.

Questions7-12

Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthereadingpassage?

Forquestions7-12write

YESifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

NOifthestatementcontraictstheinformation

NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthisinthepassage

requencyidentificationtechnologyhasbeeninstalledexperimentally

inbigsupermarketslikeWal-Mart.

tendtodownloadmoreunknownsongsthansongstheyarefamiliar

with.

ankedhighbythenumberoftimesbeingdownloadedarefavoredby

customers.

followtheotherstothesameextentwhetheritisconvenientornot.

oldinsomeJapanesestoresaresimplychosenaccordingtothesalesdata

ofothershops.

ntelligencecanalsobeobservedineverydaylife.

Answerkeys:

1.答案：(freshlybaked)bread.（第1段第2行：Shoppersknowthatfilling

[]

astorewiththearomaoffreshlybakedbreadmakespeoplefeelhungryandpersuades

themtobuymorefoodthantheyintended.）

2.答案：expensive.（第1段第4行：Stockingthemostexpensiveproducts

ateyelevelmakesthemsellfasterthancheaperbutlessvisiblecompetitors.）

3.答案：impulsebuying.（第2段第1句：Atarecentconferenceonthe

simulationofadaptivebehaviourinRome,Zeeshan-ul-hassanUsmani,acomputer

scientistfromtheFloridaInstituteofTechnology,describedanewwaytoincrease

impulsebuyingusingthisphenomenon.）

4.答案：other(tempting)goods/things/products.（第2段第2句：Supermarkets

alreadyencourageshopperstobuythingstheydidnotrealisetheywanted:for

instance,byplacingeverydayitemssuchasmilkandeggsatthebackofthestore,

forcingshopperstowalkpastothertemptinggoodstoreachthem.）

5.答案：screen.（第3段第4行：Asacustomerwalkspastashelfofgoods,

ascreenontheshelftellshimhowmanypeoplecurrentlyintheshophavechosen

umberishigh,heismorelikelytoselectittoo.）

6.答案：discounts.（第4段第第1句：MrUsmani’s“swarm-moves”model

appealstosupermarketsbecauseitincreasessaleswithouttheneedtogivepeople

discounts.）

7.答案：NO.(第4段第3、4句：Themodelhasnotyetbeentestedwidely

intherealworld,mainlybecauseradiofrequencyidentificationtechnologyisnew

smani

saysthatbothWal-MartinAmericaanTescoinBritainareinterestdinhisworkd,and

testingwillgetunderwayinthespring.短语“getunderway”的意思是“开始进

行”，在Wal-Mart的试验要等到春天才开始)

8.答案：NOTGIVEN.（在文中没有提及该信息）

9.答案：YES。（第5段第3句：Thereseachersfoundthatwhenpeoplecould

seethesongsrankedbyhowmanytimestheyhavebeendownloaded,theyfollowed

thecrowd.）

10.答案：NO。（第5段最后两句：Whenthesongsarenotorderedbyrank,but

thenumberoftimestheyhadbeendownloadedwasdisplayed,theeffectofsocial

thusfollowtheherdwhenit

nced的词义是“显著的、明显的”）

11.答案：YES。（第6段第1句：InJapanachainofconvenienceshopscalled

RanKingRanQueenhasbeenorderingitsproductsaccordingtosalesdatafrom

departmentstoresandresearchcompanies.）

[]

12.答案：YES。（最后一段最后一句：Evenintheprivacyofyourhome,youcan

应该算是everydaylife的一部分）

★Roguetheoryofsmellgetsaboost

Publishedonline:6December2006

Roguetheoryofsmellgetsaboost

oversialtheoryofhowwesmell,whichclaimsthatourfinesenseof

odourdependsonquantummechanics,hasbeengiventhethumbsupbyateamof

physicists.

ationsbyresearchersatUniversityCollegeLondon(UCL)showthatthe

ideathatwesmellodourmoleculesbysensingtheirmolecularvibrationsmakessense

intermsofthephysicsinvolved.

'sstillsomewayfromprovingthatthetheory,proposedinthemid-1990s

bybiophysicistLucaTurin,houldmakeotherscientiststaketheidea

moreseriously.

4."Thisisabigstepforward,"saysTurin,whohasnowsetuphisownperfume

thatsincehepublishedhistheory,"ithasbeen

ignoredratherthancriticized."

ientistshaveassumedthatoursenseofsmelldependsonreceptorsin

thenosedetectingtheshapeofincomingmolecules,whichtriggersasignaltothe

lecular'lockandkey'processisthoughttoliebehindawiderangeof

thebody'sdetectionsystems:itishowsomepartsoftheimmunesystemrecognise

invaders,forexample,andhowthetonguerecognizessometastes.

inarguedthatsmelldoesn'tseemtofitthispictureverywell.

Moleculesthatlookalmostidenticalcansmellverydifferent—suchasalcohols,

whichsmelllikespirits,andthiols,eculeswith

rikingly,somemoleculescansmell

different—toanimals,ifnotnecessarilytohumans—simplybecausetheycontain

differentisotopes(atomsthatarechemicallyidenticalbuthaveadifferentmass).

'sexplanationforthesesmellyfactsinvokestheideathatthesmellsignal

inolfactoryreceptorproteinsistriggerednotbyanodourmolecule'sshape,butbyits

vibrations,whichcanenourageanelectrontojumpbetweentwopartsofthereceptor

ectronmovementcould

initiatethesmellsignalbeingsenttothebrain.

uldexplainwhyisotopescansmelldifferent:theirvibration

'smechanism,saysMarshall

[]

StonehamoftheUCLteam,ismorelikeswipe-cardidentificationthanakeyfittinga

lock.

ion-assistedelectrontunnellingcanundoubtedlyoccur—itisusedinan

experimentaltechniqueformeasuringmolecularvibrations."Thequestioniswhether

thisispossibleinthenose,"saysStoneham'scolleague,AndrewHorsfield.

amsaysthatwhenhefirstheardaboutTurin'sidea,whileTurinwas

himselfbasedatUCL,"Ididn'tbelieveit".But,headds,"becauseitwasan

interestingidea,IthoughtIshouldproveitcouldn'mesimple

calculations,andonlythenbegantofeelLucacouldberight."NowStonehamandhis

co-workershavedonethejobmorethoroughly,inapapersoontobepublishedin

PhysicalReviewLetters.

teamcalculatedtheratesofelectronhoppinginanosereceptorthat

tedependsonvariouspropertiesofthe

biomolecularsystemthatarenotknown,buttheresearcherscouldestimatethese

parametersbasedontypicalvaluesformoleculesofthissort.

issueiswhetherthehoppingratewiththeodorantinplaceis

culationsshowthatitis—which

meansthatodouridentificationinthiswayseemstheoreticallypossible.

sfieldstressesthatthat'sdifferentfromaproofofTurin'sidea."Sofar

thingslookplausible,'rebeginning

tothinkaboutwhatexperimentscouldbeperformed."

ile,Turinispressingaheadwithhishypothesis."AtFlexitralwehave

beendesigningodorantsexclusivelyonthebasisoftheircomputedvibrations,"he

says."Oursuccessrateatodorantdiscoveryistwoordersofmagnitudebetterthanthe

competition."Attheveryleast,heisputtinghismoneywherehisnoseis.

(668wordsNature)

Questions1-4

Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthepassage?Please

write

TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththewriter

FALSEifthestatementdoesnotagreewiththe

writer

[]

NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationaboutthisinthe

passage

ultofthestudyatUCLagreeswithTurin’stheory.

dyatUCLcouldconclusivelyprovewhatLucaTurinhas

hypothesized.

efthispostatUCLandstartedhisownbusinessbecausehistheory

wasignored.

eculesofalcoholsandthoseofthiolslookalike.

Questions5-9

ORETHAN

THREEWORDSforeachanswer.

othesisthatwesmellbysensingthemolecularvibrationwas

madeby______.

’scompanyisbasedin______.

ientistsbelievedthatournoseworksinthesamewayasour

______.

entisotopescansmelldifferentwhen______weighdifferently.

ingtoAudrewHorsfield,itisstilltobeprovedthat______could

reallyoccurinhumannose.

Question10-12

AnswerthequestionsbelowusingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthe

passageforeachanswer.

’sthenameoftheresearcherwhocollaboratedwithStoneham?

thenextstepoftheUCLteam’sstudy?

thetheoreticalbasisindesigningodorantsinTurin’scompany?

(byZhouHong)

AnswerKeysandExplanations

[]

1.T见第一段。“givesththethumbsup”为“接受“的意思。

2.F见第三段。“That'sstillsomewayfromprovingthatthetheory,

proposedinthemid-1990sbybiophysicistLucaTurin,iscorrect.”意即“现在尚无

法证实生物物理学家Luca在九十年代中期提出的理论是否正确。”

4.T见第六段“Moleculesthatlookalmostidenticalcansmellverydifferent

—suchasalcohols,whichsmelllikespirits,andthiols,whichsmelllikerotten

eggs.”“identical”一词是“完全相同”的意思。这句话是说alcohols和thiols的

分子结构看起来一样，但是它们的味道却相去甚远。

rin文章第二，三和七段均可看出Luca的理论即人类

的鼻子是通过感觉气味分子的震动来分辨气味的。

ia见第四段。

见第五段“Thismolecular'lockandkey'processis

thoughttoliebehindawiderangeofthebody'sdetectionsystems:itishowsome

partsoftheimmunesystemrecogniseinvaders,forexample,andhowthetongue

recognizessometastes.”

ms见第八段“Thiswouldexplainwhyisotopescan

smelldifferent:theirvibrationfrequenciesarechangediftheatomsareheavier.”

ion-assistedelectrontunneling见第九段“"Thequestionis

whetherthisispossibleinthenose,"saysStoneham'scolleague,AndrewHorsfield.”

句中的代词“this”指句首的“vibration-assistedelectrontunneling”。

Horsfield见第九段结尾。

11．properexperimentalverification见第十三段。

12．theircomputedvibrations见第十四段。

★Whydidapromisingheartdrugfail?

Doomeddrughighlightscomplicationsofmeddlingwithcholesterol.

lureofahigh-profilecholesteroldrughasthrownaspotlightonthe

yresearchersremain

confidentthatdrugstoboostlevelsof'good'cholesterolarestilloneofthemost

promisingmeanstocombatspirallingheartdisease.

mpanyPfizerannouncedon2Decemberthatitwascancellingall

clinicaltrialsoftorcetrapib,adrugdesignedtoraiseheart-protectivehigh-density

lipoproteins(HDLs).Inatrialof15000patients,asafetyboardfoundthatmore

peoplediedorsufferedcardiovascularproblemsaftertakingthedrugplusa

cholesterol-loweringstatinthanthoseinacontrolgroupwhotookthestatinalone.

[]

scameasakickintheteethtomanycardiologistsbecauseearliertests

inanimalsandpeoplesuggesteditwouldlowerratesofcardiovasculardisease.

"Therehavebeennoredflagstomyknowledge,"saysJohnChapman,aspecialistin

lipoproteinsandatherosclerosisattheNationalInstituteforHealthandMedical

Research(INSERM)inPariswhohasalsostudiedtorcetrapib."Thiscancellation

cameasacompleteshock."

rapibisoneofthemostadvancedofanewbreedofdrugsdesignedto

raiselevelsofHDLs,whichferrycholesteroloutofartery-cloggingplaquestothe

ically,torcetrapibblocksaproteincalled

cholesterolestertransferprotein(CETP),whichnormallytransfersthecholesterol

fromhigh-densitylipoproteinstolowdensity,s,in

contrast,mainlyworkbyloweringthe'bad'low-densitylipoproteins.

Underpressure

chersarenowtryingtoworkoutwhyandhowthedrugbackfired,

somethingthatwillnotbecomeclearuntiltheclinicaldetailsarereleasedbyPfizer.

Onehintliesinevidencefromearliertrialsthatitslightlyraisesbloodpressurein

houghtthatthismildproblemwouldbeoffsetbytheheart

spossiblethatitactuallyprovedfatalinsomepatients

dpressureistheexplanation,it

wouldactuallybegoodnewsfordrugdevelopersbecauseitsuggeststhatthe

rototypedrugsthatarebeing

developedtoblockCETPworkinaslightlydifferentwayandmightnotsufferthe

samedownfall.

salsopossiblethatthewholeideaofblockingCETPisflawed,says

MotiKashyap,whodirectsatherosclerosisresearchattheVAMedicalCenterinLong

Beach,Lsexcretecholesterolintheliver,theyactuallyrelyon

bitingCETP,whichpreventsthetransferof

cholesterolfromHDLtoLDL,mightactuallycauseanabnormalandirreversible

accumulationofcholesterolinthebody."You'reblockingaphysiologicmechanismto

eliminatecholesterolandeffectivelyconstipatingthepathway,"saysKashyap.

Goingup

searchersremainconfidentthatelevatinghighdensitylipoproteins

levelsbyonemeansoranotherisoneofthebestroutesforhelpingheartdisease

roveddrug,

[]

calledniacin,isknowntobothraiseHDLandreducecardiovascularriskbutalso

chersareexploring

whethertheycanbypassthissideeffectandwhetherniacincanlowerdiseaserisk

istsarealsoworkingonseveralothermeanstobump

uphigh-densitylipoproteinsby,forexample,introducingsyntheticHDLs."Theonly

thingweknowisdeadinthewateristorcetrapib,notthewholeideaofraisingHDL,"

saysMichaelMiller,directorofpreventivecardiologyattheUniversityofMaryland

MedicalCenter,Baltimore.

(613wordsnature)

Questions1-7

Thispassagehas7paragraphs1-7.

Choosethecorrectheadingforeachparagraphfromthelistofheadingsbelow.

Writethecorrectnumberi-ixinboxes1-7onyouranswersheet.

ListofHeadings

storcetrapibwork?

dictoryresultpriortothecurrenttrial

luremaypossiblybringaboutfuturesuccess

luredoesn’tleadtototallossofconfidence

erightroutetofollow

’sstopped

ycombineandtheoreticallyproduceidealresult

’swrongwiththedrug

tbewrongatthefirstplace

Exampleanswer

Paragraph1iv

1．Paragraph2

2．Paragraph3

3．Paragraph4

4．Paragraph5

5．Paragraph6

6．Paragraph7

Questions7-13

[]

Matchtorcetrapib，HDLs，statinandCETPwiththeirfunctions（Questions8-13）..

WritethecorrectletterA,B,CorDinboxes8-13onyouranswersheet.

NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.

7．Ithasbeenadministeredtoover10,000subjectsinaclinicaltrial.

8．Itcouldhelpridhumanbodyofcholesterol.

9．Researchersareyettofindmoreaboutit.

sedtoreducethelevelofcholesterol.

ingtoKashyap,itmightleadtounwantedresultifit’sblocked.

ucedcontradictoryresultsindifferenttrials.

dinhibitLDLs.

Listofchoices

rapic

SuggestedAnswersandExplanations

1．vi

2．ii

3．vii本段介绍了torcetrapib和statin的治病原理，但是同时短语“in

contrast”与之前第二段后半段的内容呼应，暗示了这两种药在理论上能相辅相

成，是理想的搭配。第一个选项无法涵盖整段意义，故选择i是错误的。

4．iii本段分析了可能导致torcetrapibl临床试验失败的原因，后半段指出

如果以上推测正确，那么未来的药物可借鉴这个试验，设法避免torcetrapib的缺

陷，研制出有效的药物。viii选项无法涵盖后半段的意思。

5．ix见首句。

6．v

7．A见第二段。题目中administer一词意为“用药”，subject一词为“实

验对象”之意。

8．B见第四段“…toraiselevelsofHDLs,whichferrycholesteroloutof

artery-cloggingplaquestotheliverforremovalfromthebody.”即HDLs的作用最终

是将choleserol清除出人体：“…forremovalfromthebody”。

9．B见第四段“ButHDLsarecomplexandnotentirelyunderstood.”

[]

10．C见第二段“…plusacholesterol-loweringstatin”，即statin是可以降

低cholesterol的。

11．D见第六段“SoinhibitingCETP,…mightactuallycauseanabnormal

andirreversibleaccumulationofcholesterolinthebody.

12．A见第三段。

13．C见第四段“Statins,incontrast,mainlyworkbyloweringthe'bad'

low-densitylipoproteins.”

★TheTriumphofUnreason

A.

Neoclassicaleconomicsisbuiltontheassumptionthathumansarerationalbeings

whohaveaclearideaoftheirbestinterestsandstrivetoextractmaximumbenefit(or

“utility”,ineconomist-speak)ssicaleconomicsassumes

tcontradictsgrowingevidence

thatdecision-makingdrawsontheemotions—evenwhenreasonisclearlyinvolved.

B.

uationsmetfrequently

inthepast,suchasobtainingfoodandmates,andconfrontingorfleeingfromthreats,

theneuralmechanismsrequiredtoweighuptheprosandconswillhavebeenhoned

motionisthemechanismby

whichanimalsareproddedtowardssuchoutcomes,evolutionaryandeconomictheory

sthisstill

applywhentheancestralmachineryhastorespondtothestimuliofurbanmodernity?

C.

OneofthepeoplewhothinksthatitdoesnotisGeorgeLoewenstein,aneconomistat

CarnegieMellonUniversity,icular,hesuspectsthatmodern

shoppinghassubvertedthedecision-makingmachineryinawaythatencourages

ethepointhehasteamedupwithtwopsychologists,

BrianKnutsonofStanfordUniversityandDrazenPrelecoftheMassachusetts

InstituteofTechnology,tolookatwhathappensinthebrainwhenitisdecidingwhat

tobuy.

D.

Inastudy,thethreeresearchersasked26volunteerstodecidewhethertobuyaseries

ofproductssuchasaboxofchocolatesoraDVDofthetelevisionshowthatwere

roundofthetask,the

researchersfirstpresentedtheproductandthenitsprice,witheachsteplastingfour

[]

inalstage,whichalsolastedfourseconds,theyaskedthevolunteers

hevolunteersweretakingpartintheexperiment,the

researchersscannedtheirbrainsusingatechniquecalledfunctionalmagnetic

resonanceimaging(fMRI).Thismeasuresbloodflowandoxygenconsumptioninthe

brain,asanindicationofitsactivity.

E.

Theresearchersfoundthatdifferentpartsofthebrainwereinvolvedatdifferent

leusaccumbenswasthemostactivepartwhenaproduct

er,thelevelofitsactivitycorrelatedwiththereported

desirabilityoftheproductinquestion.

F.

Whenthepriceappeared,however,fMRIreportedmoreactivityinotherpartsofthe

ivelyhighpricesincreasedactivityintheinsularcortex,abrainregion

linkedtoexpectationsofpain,monetarylossandtheviewingofupsettingpictures.

Theresearchersalsofoundgreateractivityinthisregionofthebrainwhenthesubject

decidednottopurchaseanitem.

G.

Priceinformationactivatedthemedialprefrontalcortex,rtofthebrainis

xperimentitsactivityseemedtocorrelatewith

avolunteer'sreactiontobothproductandprice,,the

senseofagoodbargainevokedhigheractivitylevelsinthemedialprefrontalcortex,

andthisoftenprecededadecisiontobuy.

H.

People'sshoppingbehaviourthereforeseemstohavepiggy-backedonoldneural

Loewensteinfoundinterestingwastheseparationoftheassessmentoftheproduct

(whichseemstobeassociatedwiththenucleusaccumbens)fromtheassessmentofits

price(associatedwiththeinsularcortex),eventhoughthetwoarethensynthesisedin

othesisisthatratherthanweighingthepresentgood

againstfuturealternatives,asorthodoxeconomicssuggestshappens,peopleactually

balancetheimmediatepleasureoftheprospectivepossessionofaproductwiththe

immediatepainofpayingforit.

I.

sefulobjectis

beingtradedforanother(hardcashinmoderntime),thefutureutilityofwhatisbeing

[]

nisascapableofassigning

oncredit,though,tract

natureofcreditcards,coupledwiththedefermentofpaymentthattheypromise,may

modulatethe“con”sideofthecalculationinfavourofthe“pro”.

J.

Whetheritactuallydoessowillbethesubjectoffurtherexperimentsthatthethree

illtestwhetherpeoplewithdistinctlydifferent

spendingbehaviour,suchasmiserlinessandextravagance,experiencedifferent

llalsoassesswhether,inthesame

individuals,

theyfindthatitdoes,thencreditcardsmayhavetojointhelistofthingssuchasfatty

andsugaryfoods,andrecreationaldrugs,thatsubverthumaninstinctsinwaysthat

seempleasurableatthetimebutcanhavealongandmalignaftertaste.

Questions1-6

DothefollowingstatemetsreflecttheclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage1?

WriteyouranswerinBoxes1-6onyouranswersheet.

TRUEifthestatementrefletstheclaimsofthewriter

FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriter

NOTGIVENifitispossbiletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis

iefofneoclassicaleconomicsdoesnotaccordwiththeincreasing

evidencethathumansmakeuseoftheemotionstomakedecisions.

sareurgedbyemotiontostriveforanoptimaloutcomesorextract

maximumutilityfromanysituation.

Loewensteinthinksthatmodernwaysofshoppingtendtoallow

peopletoaccumulatetheirdebts.

eactivethenucleusaccumenswas,thestrongerthedesireofpeople

fortheproductinquestionbecame.

frontalcortexofthehumanbrainislinkedtomonetarylossandthe

viewingofupsettingpictures.

eactivityinnucleusaccumbenswasincreasedbythesenseofa

goodbargain,peopletendedtopurchasecoffee.

Questions7-9

[]

ChoosetheappropriatelettersA-Dandwritetheminboxes7-9onyouranswesheet.

fthefollowingstatementsaboutorthodoxeconomicsistrue?

cesswhichpeoplemaketheirdecisionsisrational.

haveaclearideaoftheirbestinterestsinanysituation.

makejudgementonthebasisofreasonratherthenemotion.

weighthepresentgoodagainstfuturealternativesinshopping.

d“miserliness”inline3ofParagraphJmeans__________.

’sbehaviorofbuyingluxuriousgoods

’sbehaviorofbuyingveryspecialitems

’sbehaviorofbeingverymeaninshopping

’sbehaviorofbeingverygenerousinshopping

eeresearchersarenowdesigningthefutureexperiments,whichtest

rpeoplewithverydifferentspendingbehaviourexperiencedifferent

amountsofpaininresponsetoproducts.

rbuyinganitemwithcreditcardseasesthepainofthesame

individualscomparedwithpayingforitbycash.

rtheabstractnatureofcreditcardsmaymodulatethe“con”sideofthe

calculationinfavourofthe“pro”.

rthecreditcardsmaysubverthumaninstinctsinwaysthatseem

pleasurablebutwithaterribleeffect.

Questions10-13

Completethenotesbelow.

ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromReadingPassage1foreach

answer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes10-13onyouranswersheet.

Tofindwhathappensinthebrainofhumanswhenitisdecidingthingstobuy,George

Loewensteinandhisco-researchersdidanexperimentbyusingthetechniqueoffMRI.

ivity

in…10…at

activitywasfoundintheinsularcortexwhen…11…andthesubjectdecidednotto

[]

ivityofthemedialprefrontalcortexseemedtoassociatewith

both…12…terestedDrLoewensteinwasthe…13…ofthe

assessmentoftheproductanditspriceindifferentpartsofthebrain.

PartII

NotestoReadingPassage1

leusaccumbens,theinsularcortex,andthemedialprefrontalcortex:

大脑的不同部位（皮层，皮质等）

llarcortex小脑皮层cerebralcortex大脑皮层

:

珩磨，磨快，磨练，训练使。。。更完美或有效.

t:

毁灭，破坏；摧毁：

ack：

骑在肩上；在肩上骑

ent:

推迟、延迟、分期付款

aste:

余味，回味事情或经历结束后的感觉，特指令人不快的感觉

PartIII

KeysandexplanationstotheQuestions1-13

SeethesecondandthirdsentenceinParagraphA“Neoclassicaleconomicsassumes

tcontradictsgrowingevidence

thatdecision-makingdrawsontheemotions—evenwhenreasonisclearlyinvolved.”

SeethethirdsentenceinParagrphB“Sinceemotionisthemechanismbywhich

animalsareproddedtowardssuchoutcomes,evolutionaryandeconomictheory

predictthesamepracticalconsequencesforutilityinthesecases.”

SeethesecondsentenceinParagrphC“Inparticular,hesuspectsthatmodern

shoppinghassubvertedthedecision-makingmachineryinawaythatencourages

peopletorunupdebt.”

SeethelastsentenceinParagrphE“Moreover,thelevelofitsactivitycorrelatedwith

[]

thereporteddesirabilityoftheproductinquestion.”

SeethesecondsentenceinParagrphFandGrespectively“Excessivelyhighprices

increasedactivityintheinsularcortex,abrainregionlinkedtoexpectationsofpain,

monetarylossandtheview

★Don'twashthosefossils!

StandardmuseumpracticecanwashawayDNA.

g,brushingandvarnishingfossils—allstandardconservation

treatmentsusedbymanyfossilhuntersandmuseumcuratorsalike—vastlyreduces

thechancesofrecoveringancientDNA.

d,excavatorsshouldbehandlingatleastsomeoftheirbountywith

gloves,andfreezingsamplesastheyarefound,dirtandall,concludesapaperinthe

ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciencestoday.

ghmanypalaeontologistsknowanecdotallythatthisisthebestwayto

uptheoddsofextractinggoodDNA,Eva-MariaGeigloftheJacquesMonodInstitute

inParis,France,andhercolleagueshavenowshownjusthowimportantconservation

formation,theysay,needstobehammeredhomeamongthe

peoplewhoareactuallyoutinthefielddiggingupbones.

ndhercolleagueslookedat3,200-year-oldfossilbonesbelongingtoa

singleindividualofanextinctcattlespecies,silsweredug

upatasiteinFranceattwodifferenttimes—eitherin1947,andstoredinamuseum

collection,orin2004,andconservedinsterileconditionsat-20ºC.

m'ly

excavatedfossils,however,allyieldedDNA.

etheboneshadbeenburiedforthesameamountoftime,andinthe

sameconditions,theconservationmethodhadtobetoblamesaysGeigl."Asmuch

DNAwasdegradedinthese57yearsasinthe3,200yearsbefore,"shesays.

Washin,washout

emanypalaeontologistsbasetheirworkontheshapeoffossilsalone,

theirmethodsofconservationarenotdesignedtopreserveDNA,Geiglexplains.

sareoftenwashedtogether

on-siteinalargebath,whichcanallowwater—andcontaminantsintheformof

contemporaryDNA—topermeateintotheporousbones."Notonlyistheauthentic

DNAgettingwashedout,butcontaminationisgettingwashedin,"saysGeigl.

cientDNAspecialistsknowthisalready,saysHendrikPoinar,an

[]

evolutionarygeneticistatMcMasterUniversityinOntario,tdoesn't

meanthatbestpracticehasbecomewidespreadamongthosewhoactuallyfindthe

fossils.

gholdoffossilsthathavebeenpreservedwiththeirDNAinmindrelies

oncloserelationshipsbetweenlab-basedgeneticistsandtheexcavators,says

palaeogeneticistSvantePääbooftheMaxPlanckInstituteforEvolutionary

AnthropologyinLeipzig,tonlyoccursinexceptionalcases,he

says.

11.Pääbo'steam,whichhasbeensequencingNeanderthalDNA,continuallyfaces

theseproblems."WhenyouwanttostudyancienthumanandNeanderthalremains,

there'sabigissueofcontaminationwithcontemporaryhumanDNA,"hesays.

esn'tmeanthatallmuseumspecimensarefatallyflawed,notesPääbo.

TheNeanderthalfossilsthatwererecentlysequencedinhisownlab,forexample,had

ääboiskeento

seesamplesoffossilsfromeverymajorfindpreservedinlinewithGeigl's

recommendations—justincase.

Warmandwet

erselfbelievesthat,withcooperationbetweenbenchandfield

researchers,preservingfossilsproperlycouldopenupavenuesofdiscoverythathave

longbeenassumedclosed.

s

notsurvivewellinwarmenvironmentsinthefirstplace,andcanvanishwhenfossils

sreason,Geiglsays,mostancientDNAstudieshave

beendoneonpermafrostsamples,suchasthewoollymammoth,oronremains

shelteredfromtheelementsincoldcaves—includingcavebearandNeanderthal

fossils.

conservationmethods,andafocusonfreshfossils,couldboostDNA

extractionfrommoredelicatespecimens,tcouldshedmorelight

onthestoryofhumanevolution.

(640wordsnature)

Glossary

Palaeontologists古生物学家

Aurochs欧洲野牛

Neanderthal（人类学）尼安德特人，旧石器时代的古人类。

Permafrost（地理）永冻层

[]

Questions1-6

AnswerthefollowingquestionsbyusingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfor

eachanswer.

peopletraditionallytreatfossils?

ggestionsdoGeiglandhercolleaguesgiveonwhatshouldbe

donewhenfossilsarefound?

oblemsmaybeposediffossilbonesarewashedon-site?Name

ONE.

aracteristicdofossilboneshavetomakethemsusceptibletobe

contaminatedwithcontemporaryDNAwhentheyarewashed?

uldbebetterunderstoodwhenconservationtreatmentsare

improved?

sagementionedseveralanimalspeciesstudiedbyresearchers.

Howmanyofthemarementioned?

Questions7-11

Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthepassage?Please

write

TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththewriter

FALSEifthestatementdoesnotagreewiththewriter

NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationaboutthisinthepassage

rpaperpublishedintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyof

Sciences,Geiglandhercolleagueshaveshownwhatconservationpracticesshould

befollowedtopreserveancientDNA.

silbonesthatGeiglandhercolleaguesstudiedareallfromthe

sameaurochs.

cistsdon’thavetoworkonsite.

wlyexcavatedfossilbonesusingnewconservationmethods

suggestedbyGeiglandhercolleaguescontainancientDNA.

sstillworriedaboutthepotentialproblemscausedbytreatmentsof

fossilsintraditionalway.

Questions12-13

CompletethefollowingthestatementsbychoosingletterA-Dforeachanswer.

12.“Thisinformation”inparagraph3indicates:

[]

[A]ItiscriticaltofollowproperpracticesinpreservingancientDNA.

[B]ThebestwayofgettinggoodDNAistohandlefossilswithgloves.

[C]Fossilhuntersshouldwearhome-madehammerswhilediggingupbones.

[D]Manypalaeontologistsknowhowoneshoulddointreatingfossils.

dyconductedbyGeiglandhercolleaguessuggests:

[A]thefactthatancientDNAcannotberecoveredfromfossilbonesexcavatedin

thepast.

[B]thecorrelationbetweentheamountofburyingtimeandthatofthe

recovered

DNA.

[C]thepaceatwhichDNAdegrades.

[D]thecorrelationbetweenconservationpracticesanddegradationof

DNA.

(byZhouHong)

Suggestedanswersandexplanations

g,brushing,varnishing见第一段。

ngwithgloves/freezingsamples(anyoneofthetwo)见第二

段。

authenticDNA/beingcontaminated/contamination(anyoneofthe

three)见第八段“NotonlyistheauthenticDNAgettingwashedout,but

contaminationisgettingwashedin”（答beingcontaminated或contamination比较

保险）

eporousporous的意思是多孔的。见第八段“...which

canallowwater—andcontaminantsintheformofcontemporaryDNA—to

permeateintotheporousbones.”

volution见第十五段。其中“shedlightonsth”的意思

是使某事显得非常清楚，使人了解某事。

6.4分别为第四段的“anextinctcattlespecies,calledanaurochs”，即欧

洲野牛，已经绝迹；第十一段“Neanderthal”，是人类学用语，尼安德特人，旧

石器时代的古人类；第十四段“woollymammoth”和“cavebear”，其中mammoth

是猛犸，一种古哺乳动物。

7.T见第二段。

8.T见第四段“Geiglandhercolleagueslookedat3,200-year-oldfossil

bonesbelongingtoasingleindividualofanextinctcattlespecies,calledanaurochs.”

即他们研究的骨化石是一头欧洲野牛身上的。

[]

10.F见第十二段第一、二句话。

11.T见第十二段末句“ButPääboiskeentoseesamplesoffossilsfromevery

majorfindpreservedinlinewithGeigl'srecommendations—justincase.”意即为

保险起见，Paabo还是非常希望见到用Geigl建议的方法保存的化石样本。“justin

case”的意思是以防万一，就是Paabo对用传统保存处理的化石不放心的意思。

12.A见第三段。Thisinformation就是前一句中“...justhowimportant

conservationpracticescanbe”(topreservegoodDNA)。“behammered”之中hammer

一词的意思是不断重复强调。

13.D面信息。需要理解文章各处关于Geigl和她的同事所作的研究。

★Searchbeginsfor'Earth'beyondsolarsystem

Staffandagencies

WednesdayDecember27,2006

GuardianUnlimited

eanspacecrafttookofftodaytospearheadthesearchforanother"Earth"

amongthestars.

otspacetelescopeblastedoffaboardaRussianSoyuzrocketfromthe

BaikonurcosmodromeinKazakhstanshortlyafter2.20pm.

,shortforconvectionrotationandplanetarytransits,isthefirstinstrument

hplanet

situatedintherightorbitstandsagoodchanceofhavingliquidwateronitssurface,

andquitepossiblylife,althoughaleadingscientistinvolvedintheprojectsaiditwas

unlikelytofind"anylittlegreenmen".

pedbytheFrenchspaceagency,CNES,andpartneredbytheEuropean

SpaceAgency(ESA),Austria,Belgium,Germany,BrazilandSpain,Corotwill

monitoraround120,000starswithits27cmtelescopefromapolarorbit514miles

oandahalfyears,itwillfocusonfivetosixdifferentareas

ofthesky,measuringthebrightnessofabout10,000starsevery512seconds.

5."Atthepresentmomentwearehopingtofindoutmoreaboutthenatureofplanets

ookingathabitableplanets,not

otgoingtofindanylittlegreenmen,"ProfessorIan

Roxburgh,anESAscientistwhohasbeeninvolvedwithCorotsinceitsinception,told

theBBCRadio4Todayprogramme.

xburghsaiditwashopedCorotwouldfind"rockyplanetsthatcould

developanatmosphereand,iftheyaretherightdistancefromtheirparentstar,they

[]

couldhavewater".

chforplanets,thetelescopewilllookforthedimmingofstarlightcaused

whenanobjectpassesinfrontofastar,knownasa"transit".Althoughitwilltake

moresophisticatedspacetelescopesplannedinthenext10yearstoconfirmthe

presenceofanEarth-likeplanetwithoxygenandliquidwater,Corotwillletscientists

knowwheretopointtheirlenses.

ementsofminutechangesinbrightnesswillenablescientiststodetectgiant

erockyplanets-thatcould

benobiggerthanabouttwicethesizeoftheEarth-whichwillcausethemost

istsexpecttofindbetween10and40ofthesesmallerplanets.

illalsoprobeintostellarinteriorsbystudyingtheacousticwavesthatripple

acrossthesurfaceofstars,atechniquecalled"asteroseismology".

ureoftheripplesallowsastronomerstocalculateastar'sprecisemass,age

andchemicalcomposition.

11."Aplanetpassinginfrontofastarcanbedetectedbythefallinlightfromthatstar.

Smalloscillationsofthestaralsoproducechangesinthelightemitted,whichreveal

tawillprovide

amajorboosttoourunderstandingofhowstarsformandevolve,"ProfRoxburgh

said.

hediscoveryin1995ofthefirst"exoplanet"-aplanetorbitingastarother

thantheSun-morethan200othershavebeenfoundbyground-basedobservatories.

owtheusualmethodoffindingexoplanetshasbeentodetectthe"wobble"

ygiantgaseousplanetsbiggerthan

Jupitercanbefoundthisway,andtheyareunlikelytoharbourlife.

2010s,ESAplanstolaunchDarwin,afleetoffourorfiveinterlinkedspace

telescopesthatwillnotonlyspotsmallrockyplanets,butanalysetheiratmospheres

forsignsofbiologicalactivity.

ndthesametime,theUSspaceagency,Nasa,willlaunchTerrestrialPlanet

Finder,anotherspacetelescopedesignedtolocateEarth-likeplanets.

(615words)

ChoosetheappropriateletterfromA-Dforquestion1.

[]

saninstrumentwhich

(A)canhelptosearchforcertainplanets

(B)isusedtofindplanetsintheorbit

(C)canlocateplanetswithhumanbeings

(D)canspotanyplanetswithwater.

Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthereadingpassage?

Forquestions2-5write

TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

FALSEifthestatementcontraictstheinformation

NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthisinthepassage

istsaretryingtofindoutabouttheplanetsthatcanbeinhabited.

io4recentlyfocusesonthebroadcastingofCorot.

gobjectsmightcauseafallinlight.

antellwhetherthereisanotherEarth-likeplanet.

Basedonyourreadingofthepassage,completethesentencesbelowwithwordstaken

ORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.

Withmeasurements,scientistswillbeabletosearchforsomegaseousandrocky

llbeextremelyexcitediftheycandiscoversomesmall6.

__________,theexpectednumberofwhichcouldbeupto7.__________.

Corotwillenablescientiststostudythe8.__________way,astar’s

mass,ageandchemicalcompositioncanbecalculated.

AccordingtoProfRoxburgh,changesinlightcanbecausedbypassingplanetsorstar

9.__________.Therelatedstatisticscangainusabetter10.__________ofthestar

[]

formationandevolvement.

Observatorieshavefoundmanyexoplanets,whichare11.__________otherstars

monwayusedinfindingexoplanetscanonlydetecthugegas

planets,whichdonot12.___________.

WiththelaunchingofDarwin,astronomerswillbeabletoanalysewhetherthose

rockyplanetshave13.__________forlife.

Answerkeys:

1.答案：A（第3段第1句：Corot,shortforconvectionrotationandplanetary

transits,isthefirstinstrumentcapableoffindingsmallrockyplanetsbeyondthesolar

system.A项中的certainplanets指smallrockyplanetsbeyondthesolarsystem.）

2.答案：TRUE（第5段第1、2句：Atthepresentmomentwearehoping

tofindoutmoreaboutthenatureofplanetsaroundstarswhicharepotentialhabitats.

Wearelookingathabitableplanets,notinhabitedplanets.问题中的“thatcanbe

inhabited”意思就是inhabitable.）

3.答案：NOTGIVEN（文中没有提及该信息。）

4.答案：TRUE（第7段第1句：Tosearchforplanets,thetelescopewilllook

forthedimmingofstarlightcausedwhenanobjectpassesinfrontofastar,knownas

a"transit".）

5.答案：FASLE（第7段第2、3句：Althoughitwilltakemoresophisticated

spacetelescopesplannedinthenext10yearstoconfirmthepresenceofanEarth-like

planetwithoxygenandliquidwater,Corotwillletscientistsknowwheretopoint

theirlenses.）

6.答案：rockyplanets（第8段第2句：Itistherockyplanets-thatcouldbe

nobiggerthanabouttwicethesizeoftheEarth-whichwillcausethemost

excitement.）

7.答案：40(第8段第3句：Scientistsexpecttofindbetween10and40of

thesesmallerplanets.问题中短语“upto”的意思是“达到，高达”，所以应该选

择最高的数字40。)

8.答案：interiors（第9段第1句：Corotwillalsoprobeintostellarinteriors

bystudyingtheacousticwavesthatrippleacrossthesurfaceofstars,atechnique

called"asteroseismology".单词"probe”的词义是“探查，探索”。）

[]

9.答案：oscillations（第11段第2句：Smalloscillationsofthestaralso

producechangesinthelightemitted,whichrevealwhatthestarismadeofandhow

theyarestructuredinternally.）

10.答案：understanding（第11段第3句：Thisdatawillprovideamajorboostto

ourunderstandingofhowstarsformandevolve.）

11.答案：orbiting（第12段第1句：Sincethediscoveryin1995ofthefirst

"exoplanet"-aplanetorbitingastarotherthantheSun-morethan200othershave

beenfoundbyground-basedobservatories.）

12.答案：harbourlife（第13段：Untilnowtheusualmethodoffindingexoplanets

hasbeentodetectthe"wobble"ygiant

gaseousplanetsbiggerthanJupitercanbefoundthisway,andtheyareunlikelyto

harbourlife.）

13.答案：atmospheres(第14段：Inthe2010s,ESAplanstolaunchDarwin,afleet

offourorfiveinterlinkedspacetelescopesthatwillnotonlyspotsmallrockyplanets,

butanalysetheiratmospheresforsignsofbiologicalactivity.)

★Foodagencytakesonindustryoverjunklabels

FelicityLawrence

ThursdayDecember28,2006

TheGuardian

ersaretobepresentedwithtworivalnewyearadvertisingcampaignsas

theFoodStandardsAgencygoespublicinitsbattlewiththeindustryoverthe

labellingofunhealthyfoods.

rdianhaslearnedthattheFSAwilllaunchaseriesof10-secondtelevision

advertsinJanuarytellingshoppershowtofollowared,amberandgreentrafficlight

labellingsystemonthefrontoffoodpacks,whichisdesignedtotackleBritain's

obesityepidemic.

paignisadirectresponsetoaconcertedattemptbyleadingfood

manufacturersandretailers,includingKellogg'sandTesco,

industryfearsthattrafficlightswoulddemoniseentirecategoriesoffoodsandcould

seriouslydamagethemarketforthosethatarefatty,saltyorhighinsugar.

arketforbreakfastcerealsisworth£1.27bnayearandthemanufacturers

fearitwillbeseverelydentedifredlightlabelsareputonpackagingdrawing

attentiontothefactthatthemajorityarehighinsaltand/orsugar.

ustryisplanningamajormarketingcampaignforacompetinglabelling

systemwhichavoidscolour-codinginfavourofinformationaboutthepercentageof

[]

"guidelinedailyamounts"(GDAs)offat,saltandsugarcontainedintheirproducts.

tleforthenation'sdietcomesasnewrulesontelevisionadvertisingcome

intoforceinJanuarywhichwillbaradvertsforunhealthyfoodsfromcommercial

sattheTVregulatorsarebraced

foralegalchallengefromtheindustryandhavedescribedthelobbyingeffortsto

blockanynewadbanorcolour-codedlabellingas"themostferociouswe'veever

experienced".

'schiefexecutive,EdRichards,said:"Wearepreparedtofaceuptoany

legalactionfromtheindustry,butweverymuchhopeitwillnotbenecessary."The

FSA

officialssaidthemanufacturers'effortstoundermineitsproposalsonlabellingcould

threatentheagency'scredibility.

ceCollis,FSAdirectorofcommunications,dismissedclaimsthatthe

proposalswerenotbasedonscience."Wehavesomeofthemostrespectedscientists

inEurope,

unjustifiedandnonsensicaltoattacktheFSA'sscientificreputationandtotryto

undermineitscredibility."

isunderstoodtohavebriefeditsadagency,United,beforeChristmas,and

willaimtoairadsthatare"non-confrontational,humorousandfactual"asa

counterweighttoindustry'ncy,however,will

haveatinyfractionofthebudgetavailabletotheindustry.

eath,chairmanofUnileverUKandpresidentoftheFoodandDrink

Federation,hassaidthattheindustryhasmadeenormousprogressbutcouldnot

acceptred"stop"signsonitsfood.

irSykes,chiefexecutiveofNestléUK,saidthatundertheFSAproposalsall

hiscompany'sconfectioneryandmostofitscerealswouldscoreared."Arewesaying

peopleshouldn'teatconfectionery?We'redrivenbyconsumersandwhattheywant,

andmuchofwhatwedohasbeentomakeourproductshealthier,"hesaid.

ermann,directorofcommunicationsatKellogg's,said:"Inprinciplewe

couldneveraccepttrafficlightlabelling."

allabellingschemeintroducedbyKellogg's,Danone,Unilever,Nestlé,

KraftandTescoandnowfavouredby21manufacturers,usesanindustry-devised

aysithastestedboth

trafficlightsandGDAlabelsinitsstoresandthatthelatterincreasedsalesof

healthierfoods.

[]

FSAsaiditcouldnotlivewiththisGDAsystemalonebecauseitwas"not

scientific"oreasyforshopperstounderstandataglance.

(626words)

Questions1-6

AnswerthequestionsbelowusingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthe

passageforeachanswer.

llinstructionsbegivenonreadingthecolor-codedlabels?

ancustomersfindtheredlightlabels?

oblemistheFSAtryingtohandlewiththelabelingsystem?

roductsellswellbutmaynotbehealthy?

formation,accordingtothemanufacturers,canbelabeledon

products?

nnotbeadvertisedduringchildren’sprogrammes?

Questions7-13

Usetheinformationinthetexttomatchthepeople(listedA-E)withtheopinions

(listed7-13)heappropriateletter(A-E)forquestions1-7.

NBYoumayuseanylettermorethanonce.

AEdRichard

BTerrenceCollis

CGavinNeath

DAlastairSykes

EChrisWermann

[]

llywewillnotagreetousetheredlightlabels.

reasonabletodoubtifFSAistrustworthy.

ryingtomeetourconsumers’needs.

dindustryhasbeenimprovinggreatly.

or-codedlabelingsystemisscientific.

ductswillbelabeledunhealthybytheFSA.

eadytoconfrontthemanufacturers.

Answerkeys:

1.答案：(in)January（见第2段：TheGuardianhaslearnedthattheFSAwill

launchaseriesof10-secondtelevisionadvertsinJanuarytellingshoppershowto

followared,amberandgreentrafficlightlabellingsystemonthefrontoffoodpacks,

whichisdesignedtotackleBritain'sobesityepidemic.）

2.答案：foodpacks/packaging（见第2段：TheGuardianhaslearnedthatthe

FSAwilllaunchaseriesof10-secondtelevisionadvertsinJanuarytellingshoppers

howtofollowared,amberandgreentrafficlightlabellingsystemonthefrontof

foodpacks,whichisdesignedtotackleBritain'sobesityepidemic.或者在第4段中

也提到另一个答案：TheUKmarketforbreakfastcerealsisworth£1.27bnayearand

themanufacturersfearitwillbeseverelydentedifredlightlabelsareputon

packagingdrawingattentiontothefactthatthemajorityarehighinsaltand/orsugar.）

3.答案：(Britain’s)obesityepidemic（见第2段：TheGuardianhaslearned

thattheFSAwilllaunchaseriesof10-secondtelevisionadvertsinJanuarytelling

shoppershowtofollowared,amberandgreentrafficlightlabellingsystemonthe

frontoffoodpacks,whichisdesignedtotackleBritain'sobesityepidemic.）

4.答案：(breakfast)cereals（见第4段：TheUKmarketforbreakfastcereals

isworth£1.27bnayearandthemanufacturersfearitwillbeseverelydentedifred

lightlabelsareputonpackagingdrawingattentiontothefactthatthemajorityare

highinsaltand/orsugar.）

5.答案：guielinedailyamounts/GDAs（见第5段：Theindustryisplanning

amajormarketingcampaignforacompetinglabellingsystemwhichavoids

[]

colour-codinginfavourofinformationaboutthepercentageof"guidelinedaily

amounts"(GDAs)offat,saltandsugarcontainedintheirproducts.）

6.答案：unhealthyfoods（见第6段第1句：Thebattleforthenation'sdiet

comesasnewrulesontelevisionadvertisingcomeintoforceinJanuarywhichwill

baradvertsforunhealthyfoodsfromcommercialbreaksduringprogrammesaimedat

children.）

7.答案：E(见第12段：ChrisWermann,directorofcommunicationsat

Kellogg's,said:"Inprinciplewecouldneveraccepttrafficlightlabelling.")

8.答案：B（见第8段最后一句：Itisunjustifiedandnonsensicaltoattackthe

FSA'sscientificreputationandtotrytoundermineitscredibility.）

9.答案：D（见第11段最后1句：We'redrivenbyconsumersandwhatthey

want,andmuchofwhatwedohasbeentomakeourproductshealthier.）

10.答案：C（见第10段:GavinNeath,chairmanofUnileverUKandpresidentof

theFoodandDrinkFederation,hassaidthattheindustryhasmadeenormousprogress

butcouldnotacceptred"stop"signsonitsfood.）

11.答案：B（见第8段：TerrenceCollis,FSAdirectorofcommunications,

dismissedclaimsthattheproposalswerenotbasedonscience."Wehavesomeofthe

mostrespectedscientistsinEurope,bothwithintheFSAandinourindependent

justifiedandnonsensicaltoattacktheFSA'sscientific

reputationandtotrytoundermineitscredibility."）

12.答案：D（见第11段第1句：AlastairSykes,chiefexecutiveofNestléUK,said

thatundertheFSAproposalsallhiscompany'sconfectioneryandmostofitscereals

wouldscoreared.）

13.答案：A（见第7段第1句：Ofcom'schiefexecutive,EdRichards,said:"We

arepreparedtofaceuptoanylegalactionfromtheindustry,butweverymuchhopeit

willnotbenecessary."）

★Sun'sfickleheartmayleaveuscold

25January2007

FromNewScientistPrintEdition.

StuartClark

1There'sadimmerswitchinsidethesunthatcausesitsbrightnesstoriseandfall

ontimescalesofaround100,000years-exactlythesameperiodasbetweeniceages

aphysicistwhohascreatedacomputermodelofourstar'score.

2RobertEhrlichofGeorgeMasonUniversityinFairfax,Virginia,modelledthe

effectoftemperaturefluctuationsinthesun'ingtothestandardview,

[]

thetemperatureofthesun'scoreisheldconstantbytheopposingpressuresofgravity

r,Ehrlichbelievedthatslightvariationsshouldbe

possible.

3HetookashisstartingpointtheworkofAttilaGrandpierreoftheKonkoly

2005,Grandpierreanda

collaborator,GáborÁgoston,calculatedthatmagneticfieldsinthesun'scorecould

nstabilitieswouldinduce

localisedoscillationsintemperature.

4Ehrlich'smodelshowsthatwhilstmostoftheseoscillationscanceleachotherout,

favouredfrequenciesallowthesun'scoretemperaturetooscillatearounditsaverage

temperatureof13.6millionkelvinincycleslastingeither100,000or41,000years.

Ehrlichsaysthatrandominteractionswithinthesun'smagneticfieldcouldflipthe

fluctuationsfromonecyclelengthtotheother.

5ThesetwotimescalesareinstantlyrecognisabletoanyonefamiliarwithEarth's

iceages:forthepastmillionyears,iceageshaveoccurredroughlyevery100,000

that,theyoccurredroughlyevery41,000years.

6MostscientistsbelievethattheiceagesaretheresultofsubtlechangesinEarth's

orbit,hcycledescribesthewayEarth's

orbitgraduallychangesshapefromacircletoaslightellipseandbackagainroughly

every100,orysaysthisalterstheamountofsolarradiationthat

Earthreceives,r,apersistentproblemwiththistheory

hasbeenitsinabilitytoexplainwhytheiceageschangedfrequencyamillionyears

ago.

7"InMilankovitch,thereiscertainlynogoodideawhythefrequencyshould

changefromonetoanother,"saysNeilEdwards,aclimatologistattheOpen

UniversityinMiltonKeynes,hetransitionproblemtheonlyonethe

handothercriticsclaimthatthetemperature

variationscausedbyMilankovitchcyclesaresimplynotbigenoughtodriveiceages.

8However,Edwardsbelievesthesmallchangesinsolarheatingproducedby

example,ifseaicebeginstoformbecauseofaslightcooling,carbondioxidethat

wouldotherwisehavefounditswayintotheatmosphereaspartofthecarboncycleis

akensthegreenhouseeffectandEarthgrowsevencolder.

9AccordingtoEdwards,thereisnolackofsuchmechanisms."Ifyouaddtheir

[]

effectstogether,thereismorethanenoughfeedbacktomakeMilankovitchwork,"he

says."Theproblemnowisidentifyingwhichmechanismsareatwork."Thisiswhy

scientistslikeEdwardsarenotyetreadytogiveuponthecurrenttheory.

"

cancalculatewhereweareinthecycleandcompareitwithobservation,"hesays."I

can'tseeanywayoftesting[Ehrlich's]ideatoseewhereweareinthetemperature

oscillation."

10Ehrlichconcedesthis."Ifthereisawaytotestthistheoryonthesun,Ican't

thinkofonethatispractical,"'sbecausevariationover41,000to

100,r,theremaybeawaytotestitin

otherstars:oresaremuchsmallerthanthatofthesun,andso

Ehrlich

hasyettocalculatethepreciseperiodortheextentofvariationinbrightnesstobe

expected.

11NigelWeiss,asolarphysicistattheUniversityofCambridge,isfarfrom

ribesEhrlich'sclaimsas"utterlyimplausible".Ehrlichcounters

thatWeiss'sopinionisbasedonthestandardsolarmodel,whichfailstotakeinto

accountthemagneticinstabilitiesthatcausethetemperaturefluctuations.

(716words)

Questions1-4

CompleteeachofthefollowingstatementswithOneorTwonamesofthescientists

fromtheboxbelow.

WritetheappropriatelettersA-Einboxes1-4onyouranswersheet.

Grandpierre

B.GáborÁgoston

wards

eiss

Ehrlich

1....claimsthere抯adimmerswitchinsidethesunthatcausesitsbrightnesstorise

andfallinperiodsaslongasthosebetweeniceagesonEarth.

[]

2....calculatedthattheinternalsolarmagneticfieldscouldproduceinstabilitiesinthe

solarplasma.

3....holdsthatMilankovitchcyclescaninducechangesinsolarheatingonEarthand

thechangesareamplifiedonEarth.

4....doesn'tbelieveinEhrlich'sviewpointsatall.

Questions5-9

Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthereadingpassage?

Inboxes5-9onyouranswersheetwrite

TRUEifthestatementistrueaccordingtothepassage

FALSEifthestatementisfalseaccordingtothepassage

NOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage

ageschangedfrequencyfrom100,000to41,000yearsamillionyearsago.

eproblemthattheMilankovitchtheorycannotsolveistoexplainwhythe

iceagefrequencyshouldshiftfromonetoanother.

dioxidecanbelockedartificiallyintoseaicetoeliminatethegreenhouse

effect.

ientistsarenotreadytogiveuptheMilankovitchtheorythoughthey

haven'tfiguredoutwhichmechanismsamplifythechangesinsolarheating.

wardsandEhrlichbelievethatthereisnopracticalwaytotestwhenthe

solartemperatureoscillationbeginsandwhenends.

Questions10-14

Completethenotesbelow.

ChooseonesuitablewordfromtheReadingPassageaboveforeachanswer.

[]

Writeyouranswersinboxes10-14onyouranswersheet.

Thestandardviewassumesthattheopposingpressuresofgravityandnuclearfusions

holdthetemperature...10...inthesun'sinterior,buttheslightchangesinthe

earth's...11...alterthetemperatureontheearthandcauseiceagesevery100,000

shscientist,however,challengesthisviewbyclaimingthattheinternal

solarmagnetic...12...caninducethetemperatureoscillationsinthesun'

sun'scoretemperatureoscillatesarounditsaveragetemperaturein...13...lasting

either100,000or41,...14...interactionswithinthesun's

magneticfieldcouldflipthefluctuationsfromonecyclelengthtotheother,which

explainswhytheiceageschangedfrequencyamillionyearsago.

Answerkeysandexplanations:

1.E

Seethesentencesinparagraph1(There'sadimmerswitchinsidethesunthatcauses

itsbrightnesstoriseandfallontimescalesofaround100,000years-exactlythesame

aphysicistwhohascreatedacomputer

modelofourstar'score.)andpara.2(RobertEhrlichofGeorgeMasonUniversityin

Fairfax,Virginia,modelledtheeffectoftemperaturefluctuationsinthesun'sinterior.)

Seepara.3:?istyle='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>Grandpierreandacollaborator,

GáborÁgoston,calculatedthatmagneticfieldsinthesun'scorecouldproducesmall

instabilitiesinthesolarplasma.

3.C

Seepara.8:Edwardsbelievesthesmallchangesinsolarheatingproducedby

MilankovitchcyclesarethenamplifiedbyfeedbackmechanismsonEarth.

4.D

Seepara.11:NigelWeiss,asolarphysicistattheUniversityofCambridge,isfarfrom

ribesEhrlich'sclaimsas"utterlyimplausible".

[]

Seepara.5:forthepastmillionyears,iceageshaveoccurredroughlyevery100,000

that,theyoccurredroughlyevery41,000years.

Seepara.7:"InMilankovitch,thereiscertainlynogoodideawhythefrequency

shouldchangefromonetoanother,"...Noristhetransitionproblemtheonlyonethe

Milankovitchtheoryfaces.

en

Seepara.8:ifseaicebeginstoformbecauseofaslightcooling,carbondioxide?is

akensthegreenhouseeffect.(Thepassagedoesn抰

mentionanythingaboutlockingCo2intoiceartificially.)

Seepara.9:thereisnolackofsuchmechanisms."Ifyouaddtheireffectstogether,

thereismorethanenoughfeedbacktomakeMilankovitchwork,"?"Theproblemnow

isidentifyingwhichmechanismsareatwork."ThisiswhyscientistslikeEdwardsare

notyetreadytogiveuponthecurrenttheory.

Seethesentencesinpara.9(AccordingtoEdwards,卙esays."Ican'tseeanywayof

testing[Ehrlich's]ideatoseewhereweareinthetemperatureoscillation.")and

para.10(Ehrlichconcedesthis."Ifthereisawaytotestthistheoryonthesun,Ican't

thinkofonethatispractical).

nt

Seepara.2:Accordingtothestandardview,thetemperatureofthesun'scoreisheld

constantbytheopposingpressuresofgravityandnuclearfusion.

Seepara.6:Mostscientistsbelievethattheiceagesaretheresultofsubtlechangesin

Earth'sorbit,匛arth'sorbitgraduallychangesshapefromacircletoaslightellipse

andbackagainroughlyevery100,000years.

[]

ilities

Seepara.3:?istyle='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>magneticfieldsinthesun'score

nstabilitieswouldinduce

localisedoscillationsintemperature.

Seepara.4:…allowthesun'scoretemperaturetooscillatearounditsaverage

temperatureof13.6millionkelvinincycleslastingeither100,000or41,000years.

Seepara.4:Ehrlichsaysthatrandominteractionswithinthesun'smagneticfieldcould

flipthefluctuationsfromonecyclelengthtotheother.

(ByHEXiao)

★HowaFrenchmanisrevivingMcDonald'sinEurope

A.

WhenDenisHennequintookoverastheEuropeanbossofMcDonald'sinJanuary

2004,theworld'sbiggestrestaurantchainwasshowingsignsofrecoveryinAmerica

andAustralia,eptionwas

France,whereMrHennequinhaddoneasterlingjobasheadofthegroup'sFrench

kwastoreplicatethis

successinall41oftheEuropeancountrieswhereanti-globalisers'favouriteenemy

operates.

B.

arEuropeansalesincreasedby5.8%and

thenumberofcustomersby3.4%,

accountedfor36%ofthegroup'sprofitsandfor28%erwasan

especiallygoodmonthascustomerstooktoseasonalmenuofferingsinFranceand

Britain,andtoapromotioninGermanybasedonthegameofMonopoly.

C

MrHennequin'srecipeforrevivalistobemoreopenabouthiscompany'soperations,

tobe“locallyrelevant”,andtoimprovetheexperienceofvisitinghis6,400

ld'sisblamedformakingpeoplefat,exploitingworkers,treating

animalscruelly,

Hennequinsayshewantstoengageinadialoguewiththepublictoaddressthese

[]

concerns.

D.

Heintroduced“opendoor”visitordaysineachcountrywhichbecamehugelypopular.

InPolandalonesome50,000visitorscametoMcDonald'sthroughthevisitors'

ritionInformationInitiative,launchedlastyear,put

detailedlabelsonMcDonald'spackagingwithdataoncalories,protein,fat,

ailsarealsoprintedontray-liners.

E.

MrHennequinalsowantspeopletoknowthat“McJobs”,thelow-paidmenialjobsat

McDonald'srestaurants,eofhisefforts

havebackfired:lastyearhesparkedacontroversywiththeintroductionofa

“McPassport”thatallowsMcDonald'semployeestoworkanywhereintheEuropean

ciansaccusedthefirmofaploytomakecheaplabourfromeastern

EuropemoreeasilyavailabletoMcDonald'smanagersacrossthecontinent.

F.

Tostayintouchwithlocalneedsandpreferences,McDonald'semployslocalbosses

anisrunningMcDonald'sinRussia,thoughaSerbisin

-fifthsofits

suppliesinFrancecomefromlocalfarmers,forexample.(SomeoftheFrench

farmerswhocampaignedagainstthecompanyinthelate1990ssubsequently

discoveredthatitwas,infact,buyingtheirproduce.)Andithirescelebritiessuchas

HeidiKlum,aGermanmodel,aslocalbrandambassadors.

G.

InhispreviousjobMrHennequinestablisheda“designstudio”inFrancetospruceup

hiscompany'dioisnow

setupa“foodstudio”,

wherecooksdevisenewrecipesinresponsetolocaltrends.

H.

GivenFrance'sreputationasthemostanti-AmericancountryinEurope,itseemsodd

thatMcDonald'srevivalinEuropeisbeingledbyaFrenchman,usingideascooked

nceisinfactthecompany'smostprofitablemarket

ketwhereMcDonald'sisweakestinEuropeisnotFrance,but

Britain.

I.

“FixingBritainshouldbehispriority,”saysDavidPalmer,arestaurantanalystat

[]

two-thirdsofthe1,214McDonald'srestaurantsinBritainare

company-owned,comparedwith40%inEuropeand15%pany

suffersfromthevolatilityofsalesatitsownrestaurants,butcanrelyonsteady

ouldsellasmanyunderperformingoutletsas

possible,saysMrPalmer.

J.

ltamuth,ananalystatMorganStanley,estimatesthatEuropean

company-ownedrestaurants'marginswillincreaseslightlyto16.4%

stilllessthaninthelate1990sandbelowAmerica's18-19%smuch

betterthanbeforeMrHennequin'readybeingtippedasthefirst

Europeancandidateforthegroup'wouldcallthata

McJob.

Questions1-6

DothefollowingstatementsreflecttheclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage1?

WriteyouranswerinBoxes1-6onyouranswersheet.

TRUEifthestatementreflectstheclaimsofthewriter

FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriter

NOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis

ldwasshowingthesignofrecoveryinallEuropeancountries

exceptFranceafterDenisHennequintookofficeasthebossofEuro-markets.

ngfromlastyear,detailedlabelsareputonMcDonald’spackagingand

detailedinformationisalsoprintedontray-liners.

issaidtobethemostanti-AmericancountryinEurope,buttheideas

ofthe“opendoor”visitingdaysand“McPassport”areinventedintheFrenchmarket.

npossessestheweakestMcDonaldmarketamongEuropeancountries

andapproximately1214McDonald’srestaurantsarecompany-owned.

ingtoDavidPalmer,arestaurantanalystatUBS,DavidHennequin

shouldtreattheproblemaboutMcDonaldinBritainasthemostimportantthing.

almersuggestedthatthemanagementofMcDonalodinItalyshould

sellasmanyitsoutletswhichlosemoneyinbusinessaspossibleforrevival.

Questions7-10

ChoosetheappropriatelettersA-Dandwritetheminboxes7-10onyouranswesheet.

d“sterling”inline3ofParagraphAmeans__________.

ult

[]

le

ent

fthefollowingstatementsontheaccusationofMacDonaldisNOTTRUE?

stomakepeoplefat.

rationsareveryvague.

stoexploitworkers.

stotreatanimalscruelly.

fthefollowingmeasurestakenbyDenisHennequinproducedundesired

result?

A.“FoodStudio”scheme.

B.“OpenDoor”visitordays.

“McPassport”scheme.

ritionInformationInitiative.

dDenisHennequindosoastorespondtolocaltrends?

“FoodStudio”.

isheda“DesignStudio”.

elebritiesaslocalbrandambassadors.

edlocalbossesasmuchaspossible.

Questions11-14

Completeeachofthefollowingstatements(Questions11-14)withwordsornumber

takenfromReadingPassage1.

WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes11-14onyouranswersheet.

anuary2004,McDonaldwasmakingimprovementfollowingaperiodof

slumpinAmericaandAustralia,butsalesinEuropewere………………………….

ssofMcDonaldinFranceandBritainwasparticularlygoodinDecember

sincecustomerstookto……………………………..

edwithothercountries,FranceisMcDonald’s……………………….

nexttoAmerica.

14.…………………….ofMcDonald’srestaurantsinAmericaarecompanied–owned

andthefigureismuchlowerthanthatinBritain.

PartII

[]

NotestoReadingPassage1

ng高质量的

anysterlingqualities.他身上有许多优秀的品质。

不体面的,乏味的(工作、职业)

up打扮整齐、漂亮、装饰

mind指挥、谋划（一个计划或活动）

iceknowwhomastermindedtherobbery.警察知道是谁策划了那次抢

劫。

erform表现不佳表现出低于标准的工作水平、企业出现亏本

PartIII

KeysandexplanationstotheQuestions1-14

SeethesecondsentenceinParagraphA“OneexceptionwasFrance,whereMr

Hennequinhaddoneasterlingjobasheadofthegroup'sFrenchsubsidiarytosell

kwastoreplicatethissuccessinall41of

theEuropeancountries…”.

SeethelastsentenceinParagraphD“TheNutritionInformationInitiative,launched

lastyear,putdetailedlabelsonMcDonald'spackagingwithdataoncalories,protein,

fat,ailsarealsoprintedontray-liners.”

EN

SeeParagraphD,EandH“GivenFrance'sreputationasthemostanti-American

countryinEurope,itseemsoddthatMcDonald'srevivalinEuropeisbeingledbya

Frenchman,usingideascookedupintheFrenchmarket.”.

SeethelastsentenceofParagraphHandfirstsentenceofParagraphL“Themarket

whereMcDonald'sisweakestinEuropeisnotFrance,butBritain…Almost

two-thirdsofthe1,214McDonald'srestaurantsinBritainarecompany-owned…”

SeethefirstsentenceofParagraphI“FixingBritainshouldbehispriority,”says

DavidPalmer,arestaurantanalystatUBS”.

EN

SeethelastsentenceofParagraphI“Soitshouldsellasmanyunderperforming

outletsaspossible,saysMrPalmer”.

[]

7.D

SeethefirstsentenceofParagraphA“OneexceptionwasFrance,whereMr

Hennequinhaddoneasterlingjobasheadofthegroup'sFrenchsubsidiarytosell

moreBigMacstohiscompatriots”.

8.B

SeethesecondsentenceofParagraphD“McDonald'sisblamedformakingpeoplefat,

exploitingworkers,treatinganimalscruelly,pollutingtheenvironment”

9.C

SeethesecondsentenceofParagraphE“Butsomeofhiseffortshavebackfired:last

yearhesparkedacontroversywiththeintroductionofa“McPassport”thatallows

McDonald'semployeestoworkanywhereintheEuropeanUnion..”

10.A

SeethelastsentenceofParagraphG“Healsosetupa“foodstudio”,wherecooks

devisenewrecipesinresponsetolocaltrends”.

shordeclining

SeethefirstsentenceofParagraphA“WhenDenisHennequintookoverasthe

EuropeanbossofMcDonald'sinJanuary2004,theworld'sbiggestrestaurantchain

wasshowingsignsofrecoveryinAmericaandAustralia,butsalesinEuropewere

sluggishordeclining.”

almenuofferings

SeethelastsentenceofParagraphB“Decemberwasanespeciallygoodmonthas

customerstooktoseasonalmenuofferingsinFranceandBritain,andtoapromotion

inGermanybasedonthegameofMonopoly”.

ofitablemarket

SeethesecondsentenceofParagraphH“ButFranceisinfactthecompany'smost

profitablemarketafterAmerica”.

14.15%

SeethesecondsentenceofParagraphI“Almosttwo-thirdsofthe1,214McDonald's

restaurantsinBritainarecompany-owned,comparedwith40%inEuropeand15%in

America”.

（end）

★newweapontofightcancer

hscientistsarepreparingtolaunchtrialsofaradicalnewwaytofightcancer,

whichkillstumoursbyinfectingthemwithviruseslikethecommoncold.

[]

essful,virustherapycouldeventuallyformathirdpillaralongside

radiotherapyandchemotherapyinthestandardarsenalagainstcancer,whileavoiding

someofthedebilitatingside-effects.

dSeymour,aprofessorofgenetherapyatOxfordUniversity,whohasbeen

workingonthevirustherapywithcolleaguesinLondonandtheUS,willleadthe

ResearchUKsaidyesterdaythatitwasexcitedbythe

potentialofProfSeymour'spioneeringtechniques.

hecountry'sleadinggeneticists,ProfSeymourhasbeenworkingwith

virusesthatkillcancercellsdirectly,whileavoidingharmtohealthytissue."In

principle,you'vegotsomethingwhichcouldbemanytimesmoreeffectivethan

regularchemotherapy,"hesaid.

-killingvirusesexploitthefactthatcancercellssuppressthebody'slocal

immunesystem."Ifacancerdoesn'tdothat,

cangetavirusintoatumour,virusesfindthemaverygoodplacetobebecause

there'regarditasthecancer's

Achilles'heel."

mallamountofthevirusneedstogettothecancer."Theyreplicate,you

getamillioncopiesineachcellandthecellburstsandtheyinfectthetumourcells

adjacentandrepeattheprocess,"saidProfSeymour.

inaryresearchonmiceshowsthatthevirusesworkwellontumoursresistant

tostandardcancerdrugs."It'saninterestingpossibilitythattheymayhavean

advantageinkillingdrug-resistanttumours,whichcouldbequitedifferenttoanything

we'vehadbefore."

chershaveknownforsometimethatvirusescankilltumourcellsandsome

an

scientistshavepreviouslyinjectedvirusesdirectlyintotumoursbutthistechniquewill

notworkifthecancerisinaccessibleorhasspreadthroughoutthebody.

ymour'sinnovativesolutionistomaskthevirusfromthebody'simmune

system,effectivelyallowingthevirusestodowhatchemotherapydrugsdo-spread

hurdlehasalways

beentofindawaytodelivervirusestotumoursviathebloodstreamwithoutthe

body'simmunesystemdestroyingthemontheway.

10."Whatwe'vedoneismakechemicalmodificationstothevirustoputapolymer

coataroundit-it'sastealthviruswhenyouinjectit,"hesaid.

hestealthvirusinfectsthetumour,itreplicates,butthecopiesdonothave

[]

escapefromthetumour,thecopieswillbequickly

recognisedandmoppedupbythebody'simmunesystem.

rapywouldbeespeciallyusefulforsecondarycancers,calledmetastases,

whichsometimesspreadaroundthebodyafterthefirsttumourappears."There'san

awfulstatisticofpatientsinthewest...withmalignantcancers;75%ofthemgoonto

diefrommetastases,"saidProfSeymour.

usesarelikelytobeexaminedinthefirstclinicaltrials:adenovirus,which

normallycausesacold-likeillness,andvaccinia,whichcausescowpoxandisalso

etyreasons,bothwillbedisabledto

makethemlesspathogenicinthetrial,butProfSeymoursaidheeventuallyhopesto

usenaturalviruses.

sttrialswilluseuncoatedadenovirusandvacciniaandwillbedelivered

locallytolivertumours,inordertoestablishwhetherthetreatmentissafeinhumans

lmoreyearsoftrialswillbeneeded,

eventuallyalsoonthepolymer-coatedviruses,beforethetherapycanbeconsidered

theapproachwillbeexaminedatfirstforcancersthatdo

notrespondtoconventionaltreatments,ProfSeymourhopesthatonedayitmightbe

appliedtoallcancers.

(665words)

Questions1-6

Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthereadingpassage?

Forquestions1-6write

TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation

FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheinformation

NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonthisinthepassage

1．Virustherapy,ifsuccessful,hasanadvantageineliminatingside-effects.

2．CancerResearchUKisquitehopefulaboutProfessorSeymour’sworkonthevirus

therapy.

3．Viruscankillcancercellsandstopthemfromgrowingagain.

4．Cancer’sAchilles’heelreferstothefactthatvirusmaystaysafelyinatumorand

[]

replicate.

5．Toinfectthecancercells,agooddealofvirusesshouldbeinjectedintothetumor.

6．Researchesonanimalsindicatethatviruscouldbeusedasanewwaytotreat

drug-resistanttumors.

Question7-9

Basedonthereadingpassage,choosetheappropriateletterfromA-Dforeachanswer.

7．Informationaboutresearchesonviruseskillingtumorcellscanbefound

(A)onTV

(B)inmagazines

(C)oninternet

(D)innewspapers

8．Totreattumorsspreadingoutinbody,researcherstryto

(A)changethebody’immunesystem

(B)injectchemotherapydrugsintobloodstream.

(C)increasetheamountofinjection

(D)disguisethevirusesonthewaytotumors.

9．Whenthechemicalmodifiedvirusintumorreplicates,thecopies

(A)willsoonescapefromthetumorandspreadout.

(B)willbewipedoutbythebody’simmunesystem.

(C)willbeimmediatelyrecognizedbytheresearchers.

(D)willeventuallystopthetumorfromspreadingout.

Questions10-13

onlyuseeachwordonce.

[]

NBTherearemorewordsinthelistthanspacessoyouwillnotusethemall.

Inthefirstclinicaltrials,scientistswilltryto……10……adenovirusandvaccinia,so

boththeviruseswillbelesspathogenicthanthe……11…….Theseuncoatedviruses

willbeapplieddirectlytocertainareastoconfirmsafetyonhumanbeingsandthe

right……12……erimentswillfirstlybe……13……tothetreatment

ofcertaincancers

ListofWords

dosagerespondingsmallpoxvirus

disablenaturalonesinject

directedtreatmentcold-likeillness

killpatientsexamined

AnswersKeys:

1．答案：FALSE（见第2段：Ifsuccessful,virustherapycouldeventuallyformathird

pillaralongsideradiotherapyandchemotherapyinthestandardarsenalagainstcancer,

herapy只能避免一些副

作用，而不是根除。）

2．答案：TRUE（见第3段，特别是最后一句：CancerResearchUKsaidyesterday

thatitwasexcitedbythepotentialofProfSeymour'spioneeringtechniques.）

3.答案：NOTGIVEN（文中没有提到virus可以抑制肿瘤细胞再生长）

4.答案：TRUE（见第5段第3、4句：这里“cancer’sAchilles'heel”指“If

youcangetavirusintoatumour,virusesfindthemaverygoodplacetobebecause

there'snoimmunesystemtostopthemreplicating.”Achilles'heel的意思是“唯一

致命弱点”）

5.答案：FALSE（见第6段第第1句：Onlyasmallamountofthevirusneedstoget

tothecancer.）

6.答案：TRUE（见第7段：Preliminaryresearchonmiceshowsthattheviruses

[]

workwellontumoursresistanttostandardcancerdrug.……,whichcouldbequite

differenttoanythingwe'vehadbefore."）

7.答案：B(见第8段第1、2句：Researchershaveknownforsometimethatviruses

cankilltumourcellsandsomeaspectsoftheworkhavealreadybeenpublishedin

l意思是“日报、期刊、杂志”)

8.答案：D（见第9段第1句：ProfSeymour'sinnovativesolutionistomaskthevirus

fromthebody'simmunesystem,……“mask”的意思是“掩盖、隐蔽、伪装”，

在这里和“disguise”同义。）

9.答案：B（见第11段第2句：Iftheyescapefromthetumour,thecopieswillbe

quicklyrecognisedandmoppedupbythebody'simmunesystem..“mopup”这里

与“wipeout”同义，意思是“消灭、歼灭”。）

10．答案：disable（见第13段最后1句：Forsafetyreasons,bothwillbedisabled

tomakethemlesspathogenicinthetrial,butProfSeymoursaidheeventuallyhopes

tousenaturalviruses.）

11.答案：naturalones（见第13段最后1句：Forsafetyreasons,bothwillbe

disabledtomakethemlesspathogenicinthetrial,butProfSeymoursaidhe

eventuallyhopestousenaturalviruses.）

12.答案：dosage（见第14段第1句：Thefirsttrialswilluseuncoatedadenovirus

andvacciniaandwillbedeliveredlocallytolivertumours,inordertoestablish

whetherthetreatmentissafeinhumansandwhatdoseofviruswillbeneeded.）

13.答案：directed（见第14段最后1句：Thoughtheapproachwillbeexaminedat

firstforcancersthatdonotrespondtoconventionaltreatments,…）

★SellingDigitalMusicwithoutCopy-protectionMakesSense

A.

Itwasuncharacteristicallylow-keyfortheindustry’essay

publishedthisweekbySteveJobs,thebossofApple,onhisfirm’swebsiteunderthe

unassumingtitle“ThoughtsonMusic”hasnonethelessprovokedavigorousdebate

aboutthefutureofdigitalmusic,whichAppledominateswithitsiPodmusic-player

eis“digitalrightsmanagement”(DRM)—the

[]

hereisnocommon

standardforDRM,italsohastheside-effectthatsongspurchasedforonetypeof

’sDRMsystem,calledFairPlay,isthe

lledforDRMfordigital

musictobeabolished.

B.

omeunderfirefromEuropeanregulators

whoclaimthatitsrefusaltolicenseFairPlaytootherfirmshas“lockedin”customers.

SincemusicfromtheiTunesstorecannotbeplayedonnon-iPodmusic-players(at

leastnotwithoutalotoffiddling),anyiTunesbuyerwillbedeterredfromswitching

toadevicemadebyarivalfirm,enchlawmakers

draftedabilllastyearcompellingAppletoopenupFairPlaytorivals,thecompany

warnedof“state-sponsoredpiracy”.OnlyDRM,itimplied,couldkeepthepiratesat

bay.

C.

veanotherexplanationforhisformerdefenceofDRM:the

uldmaketheirmusicavailabletothe

nstillwithdraw

annotlicenseFairPlayto

others,saysMrJobs,becauseitwoulddependonthemtoproducesecurityfixes

doesisrestrictconsumerchoiceandprovideabarriertoentry,

saysMrJobs;withoutittherewouldbefarmorestoresandplayers,andfarmore

,hesuggests,whynotdoawaywithDRMandsellmusicunprotected?

“Thisisclearlythebestalternativeforconsumers,”hedeclares,“andApplewould

embraceitinaheartbeat.”

D.

Whythesuddenchangeofheart?MrJobsseemschieflyconcernedwithgetting

Europe’thancomplainingtoAppleaboutitsuseof

DRM,hesuggests,“thoseunhappywiththecurrentsituationshouldredirecttheir

energiestowardspersuadingthemusiccompaniestoselltheirmusicDRM-free.”Two

andahalfofthefourbigrecordcompanies,hehelpfullypointsout,are

resentsaccusationsthatithasbecometheMicrosoftofdigitalmusic.

E.

Applecanaffordtoembraceopencompetitioninmusicplayersandonlinestores.

[]

Consumerswouldgravitatetothebestplayerandthebeststore,andatthemoment

thatstillmeansApple’nly

3%ofthemusicinatypicaliTuneslibraryisprotected,mostofitcanalreadybeused

onotherplayerstoday,henotes.(Andeventheprotectedtrackscanbeburnedontoa

CDandthenre-ripped.)SoApple’sdominanceevidentlydependsfarmoreon

brandingandeaseofusethanDRM-related“lockin”.

F.

smallerlabelsalreadysell

seenwhichwaythewindisblowing,MrJobsnowwantsto

beseennotasDRM’sdefender,butasaconsumerchampionwhohelpedinits

’titleadtoasurgeinpiracy?No,becausemostmusicisstillsold

unprotectedonCDs,,

scrappingDRMwouldprobablyincreaseonline-musicsalesbyreducingconfusion

eleadingonlinestore,

Jobs’sargument,inshort,happenstoberight.

Questions1-7

DothefollowingstatemetsreflecttheclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage1?

WriteyouranswerinBoxes1-7onyouranswersheet.

TRUEifthestatementrefletstheclaimsofthewriter

FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriter

NOTGIVENifitisimpossbiletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis

njoysacontrollingpositionindigitalmusicmarketwithitsiPod

music-playerandiTunesmusic-store.

governmentdecreeissuedwithapurposetoprotectdownloadedmusic

fromtheftbyconsumers.

standardizationinDRMmakessongsboughtforonekindofmusicplayer

maynotfunctiononanother.

asbeencriticizedbyEuropeanregulatorssinceithasrefusedtogranta

licenseFairPlaytootherfirms.

iccanbeeasilyplayedonnon-iPodmusicdevicesfromSonyorMicrosoft

withouttoomuchfiddling.

ependsfarmoreonDRMratherthanbrandingforitsdominanceofthe

digitalmusicdevices.

ascancelled,Sonywouldcertainlydominatetheinternationaldigital

musicmarket.

[]

Questions8-10

ChoosetheappropriatelettersA-Dandwritetheminboxes8-10onyouranswesheet.

’ideaofDRMisNOTTRUE?

cesrestrictionsonconsumer’choiceofdigitalmusicproductsavailable.

plesiTunesbuyerstoswitchtoadevicemadebySonyorMicrosoft.

stitutesabarrierforpotentialconsumerstoenterdigitalmusicmarkets.

dersdevelopmentofmorestoresandplayersandtechnicalinnovation.

d“unfazed”inline3ofparagraphE,means___________.

d

ed

hered

lreceived

fthefollowingstatementsisTRUEifDRMwasscapped?

uldgainthemostprofit.

stomerswouldbe“lockedin”.

nincreaseinpiracywouldoccur.

-musicsaleswouldprobablydecrease.

Questions11-14

Completethenotesbelow.

ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromReadingPassage1foreach

answer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes11-14onyouranswersheet.

obs,thebossofApple,explainsthereasonwhyheusedtodefendDRM,

sayingthatthecompanywasforcedtodoso:therecordcompanieswouldmaketheir

musicaccessibleto…11...onlyiftheyagreedtoprotectitusingDRM;theycan

still…12…providesthereasonwhy

AppledidnotlicenseFairPlaytoothers:thecompanyreliesonthemto…13….But

nowhechangeshismindwithapossibleexpectationthatEurope’sregulatorswould

osesthatthosewhoareunsatisfactory

withthecurrentsituationindigitalmusicmarketshould…14…towardspersuadethe

musiccompaniestoselltheirmusicDRM-free.

PartII

[]

NotestoReadingPassage1

-key:

抑制的，受约束的，屈服的

n:

开展览会的人,出风头的人物

ming:

谦逊的,不夸耀的,不装腔作势的

：

（苹果公司出产的）音乐播放器

store：

（苹果公司出产的）在线音乐商店

person'sback:

不再找某人的麻烦，摆脱某人的纠缠

ate:

受吸引，倾向于

d:

不再担忧，不被打扰

PartIII

KeysandexplanationstotheQuestions1-13

SeethesecondsentenceinParagraphA“…thefutureofdigitalmusic,whichApple

dominateswithitsiPodmusic-playerandiTunesmusic-store.”

SeethethirdsentenceinParagraphA“…Atissueis“digitalrightsmanagement”

(DRM)—thetechnologyguardingdownloadedmusicagainsttheft.”

SeethefourthsentenceinParagraphA“SincethereisnocommonstandardforDRM,

italsohastheside-effectthatsongspurchasedforonetypeofmusic-playermaynot

workonanother.”

SeethesecondsentenceinParagraphB“IthascomeunderfirefromEuropean

regulatorswhoclaimthatitsrefusaltolicenseFairPlaytootherfirmshas“lockedin”

customers.”

EN

ThethirdsentenceinParagaphBonlymentionsmusicfromtheiTunesstore,nothing

[]

aboutthatofSonyorMicrosoft.“SincemusicfromtheiTunesstorecannotbeplayed

onnon-iPodmusic-players(atleastnotwithoutalotoffiddling).”

SeethelastsentenceinParagraphE“SoApple’sdominanceevidentlydependsfar

moreonbrandingandeaseofusethanDRM-related“lockin”.

EN

SeethefourthsentenceinParagraphFonlymentionsmusicgenerally,noparticular

informationaboutbusinessprospectofSony“Indeed,scrappingDRMwould

probablyincreaseonline-musicsalesbyreducingconfusionandincompatibility.”

8.B

SeethefourthsentenceofParagraphC“AllDRMdoesisrestrictconsumerchoice

andprovideabarriertoentry,saysMrJobs;withoutittherewouldbefarmorestores

andplayers,andfarmoreinnovation.”

9.C

SeethethirdsentenceofParagraphEandthecontext“MrJobsisevidentlyunfazed

nly3%ofthemusicinatypicaliTuneslibraryis

protected,mostofitcanalreadybeusedonotherplayerstoday.”

10.A

SeethelastfoursentencesofParagraphF“Wouldn’titleadtoasurgeinpiracy?No,

becausemostmusicisstillsoldunprotectedonCDs,peoplewishingtostealmusic

,scrappingDRMwouldprobablyincreaseonline-music

eleadingonlinestore,Apple

wouldbenefitmost.”

nesstore

SeethesecondsentenceofParagraphC“Theywouldmaketheirmusicavailableto

theiTunesstoreonlyifAppleagreedtoprotectitusingDRM.”

awtheircatalogues

SeethethirdsentenceofParagraphC“Theycanstillwithdrawtheircataloguesifthe

DRMsystemiscompromised.”

esecurityfixes

SeethefourthsentenceofParagraphC“ApplecannotlicenseFairPlaytoothers,says

MrJobs,becauseitwoulddependonthemtoproducesecurityfixespromptly.”

cttheirenergies

SeethesecondsentenceofParagraphD“RatherthancomplainingtoAppleaboutits

useofDRM,hesuggests,“thoseunhappywiththecurrentsituationshouldredirect

[]

theirenergiestowardspersuadingthemusiccompaniestoselltheirmusicDRM-free.”

★NextYearMarkstheEU's50thAnniversaryoftheTreaty

A.

Afteraperiodofintroversionandstunnedself-disbelief,continentalEuropean

governmentswillrecovertheirenthusiasmforpan-Europeaninstitution-buildingin

rtheEuropeanpublicwillwelcomeareturntowhatvotersintwo

countrieshadrejectedsoshortatimebeforeisanothermatter.

B.

ThereareseveralreasonsforEurope’rs

EuropeaneconomieshadbeenlaggingdismallybehindAmerica(tosaynothingof

Asia),butin2006thelargecontinentaleconomieshadoneoftheirbestyearsfora

decade,oliticsoftenreactsto

economicchangewithalag,2006’simprovementineconomicgrowthwillhaveits

impactin2007,thoughtherecoverymaybeebbingbythen.

C.

Thecomingyearalsomarksaparticularpointinapoliticalcyclesoregularthatit

ourorfiveyears,Europeancountries

takealargestridetowardsfurtherintegrationbysigninganewtreaty:theMaastricht

treatyin1992,theTreatyofAmsterdamin1997,

2005theyweresupposedtoratifyaEuropeanconstitution,layingthegroundforyet

moreintegration—untilthecalmrhythmwasrudelyshatteredbyFrenchandDutch

politicalimpetustosignsomethingeveryfourorfiveyearshasonly

beeninterrupted,notimmobilised,bythissetback.

D.

In2007theEuropeanUnionmarksthe50thanniversaryofanothertreaty—theTreaty

ofRome,mentleadershavealreadyagreedtocelebrateit

ceremoniously,restatingtheircommitmentto“evercloserunion”andthebasicideals

lf,andinnormalcircumstances,theEU’s50th-birthday

greetingtoitselfwouldbefairlymeaningless,aroutineexpressionofEuropeangood

oesnottakeaMachiavellitospotthatoncegovernmentshave

signedthedeclaration(anditseemsunlikelyanyonewouldbesouncollegiateasto

vetoit)theywillalreadybehalfwaytowardscommittingthemselvestoanewtreaty.

Allthatwillbenecessarywillbetoincorporatethe50th-anniversarydeclarationinto

anewtreatycontaininganumberofinstitutionalandotherreformsextractedfromthe

failedattemptatconstitution-buildingand—heypresto—anewquasi-constitutionwill

[]

beready.

E.

AccordingtotheGermangovernment—whichholdstheEU’sagenda-setting

presidencyduringthefirsthalfof2007—therewillbeanewdraftofaslimmed-down

constitutionreadybythemiddleoftheyear,perhapstoputtovoters,perhapsnot.

Therewouldthenbeacoupleofyearsinwhichitwillbediscussed,approvedby

parliamentsand,perhaps,,according

tobureaucraticplannersinBrusselsandBerlin,blithelyignoringthepossibilityof

publicrejection,thewholethingwillbesigned,sealedandanewconstitution

r-to-five-year

cycleofintegrationwillhavemissedonlyonebeat.

F.

TheresurrectionoftheEuropeanconstitutionwillbemademorelikelyin2007

opeanUnionisnotreally

nctions,itisbecausetheleadersofthebig

continentalcountrieswantitto,reckoningthatanactiveEuropeanpolicywillhelp

themgetdonewhattheywanttodointheirowncountries.

G.

ive,cynicalandself-destructive,theleadersof

thethreelargesteuro-zonecountries—France,ItalyandGermany—werestumbling

wnoreasontopursueanysortofEuropean

policyandtheEU,asaresult,hemiddleof2007allthree

willhavegone,andthisfactalonewilltransformtheEuropeanpoliticallandscape.

H.

Theupshotisthatthepoliticsofthethreelargecontinentalcountries,bureaucratic

momentumandtheeconomicsofrecoverywillallbealignedtogiveapushtowards

esnotmeanthemomentumwillbeirresistibleoreven

tishgovernment,forone,willalmostcertainlynotwanttogowith

theflow,beginningyetanotherchapterinthelonghistoryofconfrontationbetween

portant,

dbefoolishtoassumetheywillacceptit

after2007justasaresultofanartfulbitoftinkering.

Questions1-6

DothefollowingstatemetsreflecttheclaimsofthewriterinReadingPassage1?

[]

WriteyouranswerinBoxes1-6onyouranswersheet.

TRUEifthestatemenhtrefletstheclaimsofthewriter

FALSEifthestatementcontradictstheclaimsofthewriter

NOTGIVENifitispossbiletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthis

ears’introspectionandmistrust,continentalEuropeangovernmentswill

resurrecttheirenthusiasmformoreintegrationin2007.

opeanconsitutionwasofficiallyapprovedin2005inspiteoftheoppositon

ofFrenchandDutchvoters.

atyofRome,whichisconsideredasthefundamentalcharterofthe

EuropeanUnion,wassignedin1957.

ryunlikelythatEuropeancountrieswillsignthedeclarationatthe50th

anniversaryoftheTreatyofRome.

governmentwillholdtheEU’spresidencyandlaydowntheagendaduring

thefirsthalfof2008.

ngtimeinhisotry,therehasbeenconfrontationbetweenBritainandtherest

ofEuropeancountries.

Questions7-10

Completthefollowingsentencces.

ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromReadingPassage1foreach

answer.

WriteyouranswerinBoxes7-10onyouranswersheet.

ourorfiveyears,Europeancountriestendtomakearapidprogress

towards___________________bysigninganewtreaty.

opeanconstitutionissupposedto______________________foryet

moreintegrationofEuropeanUnionmembercountries.

eaucraticplannersinBrusselsandBerlinrashlyignorethe

possibilityof__________________andthinkthenewconsitutionwillbedeliveredin

2009-10.

iticsofthethreelargecontinentalcountries,__________________and

theeconomicrecoverywilljointogethertourgetheintegrationin2007.

[]

Questions11-14

ChoosetheappropriatelettersA-Dandwritetheminboxes11-14onyouranswer

sheet.

fthefollowingstatemntsistrueofEuopeaneconomicdevelopment.

nomyofEuropedevelopedmuchfasterthanthatofAsiabefore

2006.

wthofEuropeaneconomywasslightlyslowerthanthatof

Americain2006.

elopmentofEuropeaneconomyarelikelytoslowdownby2007.

overyofEuropeaneconomymaybeconsiderablyacceleratedby

2007.

d“immobilised”inthelastlineofSectionCmeans___________.

dcompletely.

strongly.

tedwholely.

dtotally.

fthefollowingstatementsaboutthetreatiesinEuropeancountriesis

NOTTRUE.

strichtTreatywassignedin1992.

atyofAmsterdanwassignedin1997.

atyofNicewassignedin2001.

atyofRomewassignedin2007.

opeanconstitutionfailedtoberatifiedin2005--2006,because

dersofFrance,ItalyandGermanyweredefensive,cynicaland

self-destructuve..

ersintwocountriesoftheUnion--FranceandHollandrejected

theconstitution.

dersoftheEUthoughtthatitwasunneccessarytopursueany

Europeanpolicy.

,ItalyandGermanyarethethreelargestandmostinfluential

euro-zonecountries.

PartII

NotestotheReadingPassage

[]

-Enropean

pan-:前缀：全，总，泛

pan-African全/泛非洲的（运动）

pan-Enropean全/泛欧的（机构建设）

ip

超越，胜过，超过，优于

Materialdevelopmentoutstrippedhumandevelopment”“物质的发展超过了人类的

进步”

回落跌落；衰退或消减

Thetideisontheebb.正在退潮。

velli

马基雅维利，尼克尔1469-1527意大利政治理论家，他的著作君主论(1513年）

阐述了一个意志坚定的统治者不顾道德观念的约束如何获得并保持其权力。

文章中意为“任何一个人都可以看到，显而易见。。。”。

sto

突然地；立即（魔术师用语）您看，变！

结果；结局

PartIII

KeystotheQuestions1-14

Explanation

SeethefirstsentenceinSectionA“Afteraperiodofintroversionandstunned

self-disbelief,continentalEuropeangovernmentswillrecovertheirenthusiasmfor

pan-Europeaninstitution-buildingin2007”.

Explanation

SeethethirdsentenceinSectionC“Andin2005theyweresupposedtoratifya

Europeanconstitution,layingthegroundforyetmoreintegration—untilthecalm

rhythmwasrudelyshatteredbyFrenchandDutchvoters.”.

Explanation

SeethefirstsentenceintheSectionD“In2007theEuropeanUnionmarksthe50th

anniversaryofanothertreaty—theTreatyofRome,itsfoundingcharter.”.

[]

Explanation

SeethethirdsentenceinSectionD“ButitdoesnottakeaMachiavellitospotthat

oncegovernmentshavesignedthedeclaration(anditseemsunlikelyanyonewouldbe

souncollegiateastovetoit)theywillalreadybehalfwaytowardscommitting

themselvestoanewtreaty”.

EN

Explanation

SeethefirstsentenceinSectionE“AccordingtotheGermangovernment—which

holdstheEU’sagenda-settingpresidencyduringthefirsthalfof2007”.

Explanation

SeethethirdsentenceinSectionH“TheBritishgovernment,forone,willalmost

certainlynotwanttogowiththeflow,beginningyetanotherchapterinthelong

historyofconfrontationbetweenBritainandtherestofEurope”.

rintegration

Explanation

SeethesecondsentenceinSectionC“Everyfourorfiveyears,Europeancountries

takealargestridetowardsfurtherintegrationbysigninganewtreaty”.

ground

Explanation

SeethethirdsentenceinSectionC“Andin2005theyweresupposedtoratifya

Europeanconstitution,layingthegroundforyetmoreintegration—untilthecalm

rhythmwasrudelyshatteredbyFrenchandDutchvoters.”.

ejection

Explanation

SeethethirdsentenceinSectionE“Then,accordingtobureaucraticplannersin

BrusselsandBerlin,blithelyignoringthepossibilityofpublicrejection,thewhole

thingwillbesigned,sealedandanewconstitutiondeliveredin2009--10.”

cratcmomentum

Explanation

SeethefrstsentenceinSectionH“Theupshotisthatthepoliticsofthethreelarge

continentalcountries,bureaucraticmomentumandtheeconomicsofrecoverywillall

bealignedtogiveapushtowardsintegrationin2007.”.

11.C

[]

Explanation

SeethelastsentenceinSectionB“Sincepoliticsoftenreactstoeconomicchange

withalag,2006’simprovementineconomicgrowthwillhaveitsimpactin2007,

thoughtherecoverymaybeebbingbythen”.

12.A

Explanation

SeethelastsentenceinSectionC“Butthepoliticalimpetustosignsomethingevery

fourorfiveyearshasonlybeeninterrupted,notimmobilised,bythissetback.”

13.D

Explanation

SeethefirstsentenceinSectionD“In2007theEuropeanUnionmarksthe50th

anniversaryofanothertreaty—theTreatyofRome,itsfoundingcharter.”

14.B

Explanation

SeethirdsentenceinSectionC:“Andin2005theyweresupposedtoratifya

Europeanconstitution,layingthegroundforyetmoreintegration—untilthecalm

rhythmwasrudelyshatteredbyFrenchandDutchvoters.”.

★Sleepmedicationlinkedtobizarrebehaviour

12:4406February2007

sservice

RoxanneKhamsi

Newevidencehaslinkedacommonlyprescribedsleepmedicationwithbizarre

behaviours,includingacaseinwhichawomanpaintedherfrontdoorinhersleep.

UKandAustralianhealthagencieshavereleasedinformationabout240casesofodd

occurrences,includingsleepwalking,amnesiaandhallucinationsamongpeopletaking

thedrugzolpidem.

Whiledoctorssaythatzolpidemcanoffermuch-neededreliefforpeoplewithsleep

disorders,theycautionthatthesenewlyreportedcasesshouldpromptacloserlookat

itspossiblesideeffects.

Zolpidem,soldunderthebrandnamesAmbien,StilnoctandStilnox,iswidely

sformsof

thedrug,madebyFrenchpharmaceuticalgiantSanofi-Aventis,wereprescribed

674,500timesin2005intheUK.

AnewlypublishedreportfromAustralia’sFederalHealthDepartmentdescribes104

casesofhallucinationsand62casesofamnesiaexperiencedbypeopletaking

[]

lthdepartment

reportalsomentioned16casesofstrangesleepwalkingbypeopletakingthe

medication.

Midnightsnack

Inoneofthesesleepwalkingcasesapatientwokewithapaintbrushinherhandafter

rcaseinvolvedawomanwhogained23

kilogramsoversevenmonthswhiletakingzolpidem.“Itwasonlywhenshewas

discoveredinfrontofanopenrefrigeratorwhileasleepthattheproblemwas

resolved,”accordingtothereport.

TheUK’sMedicinesandHealthcareproductsRegulatoryAgency,meanwhile,has

recorded68casesofadversereactionstozolpidemfrom2001to2005.

ThenewlyreportedcasesintheUKandAustraliaaddtoagrowinglistofbizarre

sleepwalkingepisodeslinkedtothedruginothercountries,includingreportsof

ase,atransatlanticflighthadto

bedivertedafterapassengercausedhavocaftertakingzolpidem.

Hypnoticeffects

Thereisnobiologicalpathwaythathasbeenproventoconnectzolpidemwiththese

gisabenzodiazepine-likehypnoticthatpromotesdeepsleepby

interactingwithbrainreceptorsforachemicalcalledgamma-aminobutyricacid.

Whilepartsofthebrainbecomelessactiveduringdeepsleep,thebodycanstillmove,

makingsleepwalkingapossibility.

Theproductinformationforprescribersadvisesthatpsychiatricadverseeffects,

includinghallucinations,sleepwalkingandnightmares,aremorelikelyintheelderly,

andtreatmentshouldbestoppediftheyoccur.

Patientadvocacygroupssaytheywouldlikegovernmenthealthagenciesanddrug

companiestotakeacloserlookatthepossiblerisksassociatedwithsleepmedicines.

Theystressthatstrangesleepwalkingandsleep-drivingbehaviourscanhaverisky

consequences.

“Whenpeopledosomethinginwhichthey’renotinfullcontrolit’salwaysa

danger,”saysVeraSharavoftheNewYork-basedAllianceforHumanResearch

Protection,aUSnetworkthatadvocatesresponsibleandethicalmedicalresearch

practices.

Triedandtested

“Themorereportsthatcomeoutaboutthepotentialsideeffectsofthedrug,the

moreresearchneedstobedonetounderstandifthesearerealsideeffects,”sayssleep

[]

researcherKennethWrightattheUniversityofColoradoinBoulder,US.

Millionsofpeoplehavetakenthedrugwithoutexperiencinganystrangesideeffects,

pointsoutRichardMillmanatBrownMedicalSchool,directoroftheSleepDisorders

CenterofLifespanHospitalsinProvidence,RhodeIsland,thatunlike

oldertypesofsleepmedications,zolpidemdoesnotcarryasgreatariskofaddiction.

AndWrightnotesthatsomeofthereportsof“sleep-driving”linkedtozolpidemcan

beeasilyexplained:somepatientshavewronglytakenthedrugrightbeforeleaving

s

stressthatthemedicationshouldbetakenjustbeforegoingtobed.

TheUSFood&DrugAdministrationsaysitiscontinuingto"activelyinvestigate"

andcollectinformationaboutcaseslinkingzolpidemtounusualsideeffects.

TheAmbienlabelcurrentlylistsstrangebehaviourasa“specialconcern”forpeople

takingthedrug.“It’sapossiblerareadverseevent,”saysSanofi-Aventisspokesperson

MelissaFeltmann,addingthatthestrangesleepwalkingbehaviours“maynot

necessarilybecausedbythedrug”

saysthat“thesafetyprofile[ofzolpidem]iswellestablished”.Thedrugreceived

approvalintheUSin1993.

(721)

Questions1-6

Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthereadingpassage?

Inboxes1-6onyouranswersheetwrite

TRUEifthestatementistrueaccordingtothepassage

FALSEifthestatementisfalseaccordingtothepassage

NOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage

,StilnoctandStilnoxarebrandnamesofonesamedrugtreating

insomnia.

an’sobesityproblemwasn’tresolveduntilshestoppedtaking

zolpidem.

emreceivedapprovalintheUKin2001.

arrebehaviourofapassengeraftertakingzolpidemresultedinthe

diversionofaflightboundfortheothersideoftheAtlantic.

emistheonlysleepmedicationthatdoesn’tcauseaddiction.

ep-drivingoccurrenceresultedfromthewronguseofzolpidembyan

officeworker.

Question7-9

[]

ChoosetheappropriatelettersA-DandWritetheminboxes7-9onyouranswersheet.

ycasesofbizarrebehavioursaredescribedinanofficialreport

fromAustralia?

A.68

B.104

C.182

D.240

fthefollowingisNOTmentionedintheproductinformationabout

zolpidem?

entshouldbestoppedifsideeffectsoccur.

tionshouldbetakenjustbeforegoingtobed.

eeffectsaremorelikelyintheelderly.

fectsincludenightmares,hallucinationsandsleepwalking.

imedthatthesafetydescriptionofzolpidemwaswellestablished?

hWright

aFeltmann

dMillman

arav

Questions10-13

AnswerthefollowingquestionswithNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSeachin

boxes10-13.

ytimeswasFrench-madezolpidemprescribedin2005inBritain?

ndofhypnoticiszolpidemasadrugwhichpromotesdeepsleepin

patients?

nsleepwalkingandsleep-drivingbehaviourscauseaccordingtopatient

advocacygroups?

administrationsaysthatithasbeeninvestigatingthecasesrelating

zolpidemtounusualsideeffects?

Answerkeysandexplanations:

Seepara.3fromthebeginning:Zolpidem,soldunderthebrandnamesAmbien,

StilnoctandStilnox,iswidelyprescribedtotreatinsomniaandotherdisorderssuchas

sleepapnea.

Seepara.1underthesubtitle“Midnightsnack”:Anothercaseinvolvedawomanwho

[]

gained23kilogramsoversevenmonthswhiletakingzolpidem.“Itwasonlywhenshe

wasdiscoveredinfrontofanopenrefrigeratorwhileasleepthattheproblemwas

resolved”…

en

Seepara.2underthesubtitle“Midnightsnack”:TheUK’sMedicinesandHealthcare

productsRegulatoryAgency,meanwhile,hasrecorded68casesofadversereactions

tozolpidemfrom2001to2005.(ThetimethedrugwasapprovedintheUKwasnot

mentioned.)

Seepara.3underthesubtitle“Midnightsnack”:Inonecase,atransatlanticflighthad

tobedivertedafterapassengercausedhavocaftertakingzolpidem.

Seepara.2underthesubtitle“Triedandtested”:Hesaysthatunlikeoldertypesof

sleepmedications,zolpidemdoesnotcarryasgreatariskofaddiction.

en

Seepara.3underthesubtitle“Triedandtested”:AndWrightnotesthatsomeofthe

reportsof“sleep-driving”linkedtozolpidemcanbeeasilyexplained:somepatients

havewronglytakenthedrugrightbeforeleavingworkinhopesthatthemedicinewill

kickinbythetimetheyreachhome.(Nopatientsasofficeworkersarementionedin

thepassage.)

7.C

Seepara.4fromthebeginning:AnewlypublishedreportfromAustralia’sFederal

HealthDepartmentdescribes104casesofhallucinationsand62casesofamnesia

experiencedbypeopletakingzolpidemsincemarketingofthedrugbegantherein

lthdepartmentreportalsomentioned16casesofstrangesleepwalking

bypeopletakingthemedication.

8.B

Seethesentenceinpara.2underthesubtitle“Hypnoticeffects”(Theproduct

informationforprescribersadvisesthatpsychiatricadverseeffects,including

hallucinations,sleepwalkingandnightmares,aremorelikelyintheelderly,and

treatmentshouldbestoppediftheyoccur.)andthesentenceinpara.3underthe

subtitle“Triedandtested”(Doctors“nottheproductinformation”stressthatthe

medicationshouldbetakenjustbeforegoingtobed.)

9.B

Seepara.5underthesubtitle“Triedandtested”:Sanofi-AventisspokespersonMelissa

[]

Feltmann…saysthat“thesafetyprofile[ofzolpidem]iswellestablished”.

10.674,500(times)

Seepara.3fromthebeginning:Variousformsofthedrug,madebyFrench

pharmaceuticalgiantSanofi-Aventis,wereprescribed674,500timesin2005inthe

UK.

11.(a)benzodiazepine-like(hypnotic)

Seepara.1underthesubtitle“Hypnoticeffects”:Thedrugisabenzodiazepine-like

hypnotic(类苯二氮催眠药)thatpromotesdeepsleepbyinteractingwithbrain

receptorsforachemicalcalledgamma-aminobutyricacid.

onsequences

Seepara.3underthesubtitle“Hypnoticeffects”:Patientadvocacygroups…stress

thatstrangesleepwalkingandsleep-drivingbehaviourscanhaveriskyconsequences.

&Drug(Administration)

Seepara.4underthesubtitle“Triedandtested”:TheUSFood&DrugAdministration

saysitiscontinuingto"activelyinvestigate"andcollectinformationaboutcases

linkingzolpidemtounusualsideeffects.

★Timetocoolit

Dec13th2006

FromTheEconomistprintedition

1REFRIGERATORSaretheepitomeofclunkytechnology:solid,reliableandjusta

venotchangedmuchoverthepastcentury,butthentheyhave

ebasedonarobustandeffectiveidea--drawheatfromthething

youwanttocoolbyevaporatingaliquidnexttoit,andthendumpthatheatby

thodofpumpingheatfrom

oneplacetoanotherservedmankindwellwhenrefrigerators'mainjobswere

preservingfoodand,asairconditioners,'shigh-techworld,

however,mpsarenolongeruptothejob.

Thesearchisonforsomethingtoreplacethem.

ctlikebatteries

whentheyundergoatemperaturechange:attachelectrodestothemandtheygenerate

yoftinypiecesof

paraelectricmaterialcansensetheheatradiatedby,forexample,aperson,andthe

patternofthearray'

verse

exists,nappropriatecurrenttoaparaelectricmaterialanditwill

[]

cooldown.

3SomeonewhoislookingatthisinverseeffectisAlexMischenko,ofCambridge

ommerciallyavailableparaelectricfilm,heandhiscolleagues

havegeneratedtemperaturedropsfivetimesbiggerthananypreviouslyrecorded.

Thatmaybeenoughtochangethephenomenonfromalaboratorycuriosityto

somethingwithcommercialapplications.

4Astowhatthoseapplicationsmightbe,,

nevertheless,seesputtinghisdiscoveryto

lmoney,though,

maybeincoolingcomputers.

5Ga

consequenceofMoore'sLaw,whichdescribesthedoublingofthenumberof

transistorsonachipevery18months,isthattheamountofheatproduceddoublesas

,itmorethandoubles,becausebesidesincreasinginnumber,the

releasedeverytimealogicaloperationis

performedinsideamicroprocessor,sothefastertheprocessoris,themoreheatit

frequencyhas

stPentiumchipssoldbyDrMoore'scompany,Intel,in1993,ran

tium4--thelast"single-core"desktop

processor--clockedup3.2billioncyclesasecond.

6Disposingofthisheatisabigobstructiontofurtherminiaturisationandhigher

ardsofadesktopcomputercommonlyhit80℃.At85℃,theystop

ngtheprocessor'sheatsinks(copperoraluminiumboxesdesignedto

radiateheataway)weakingthefansthatcirculateair

ideaofshiftingfromsingle-coreprocessorstosystems

thatdividedprocessingpowerbetweenfirsttwo,andthenfour,subunits,inorderto

spreadthethermalload,alsoseemstohavetheendoftheroadinsight.

7Onewayoutofthismaybeasecondcuriousphysicalphenomenon,the

raelectricmaterials,thisgenerateselectricityfromaheat

paraelectrics,a

significantbodyofresearchersisalreadyworkingonit.

8Thetricktoagoodthermoelectricmaterialisacrystalstructureinwhichelectrons

canflowfreely,butthepathofphonons--heat-carryingvibrationsthatarelargerthan

tice,thistrickishardtopulloff,and

thermoelectricmaterialsarethuslessefficientthanparaelectricones(or,atleast,than

[]

thoseexaminedbyDrMischenko).Nevertheless,RamaVenkatasubramanian,of

NextremeThermalSolutionsinNorthCarolina,claimstohavemadethermoelectric

refrigeratorsthatcansitonthebackofcomputerchipsandcoolhotspotsby10℃.Ali

Shakouri,oftheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaCruz,sayshisareevensmaller--so

smallthattheycangoinsidethechip.

9Thelastwordincomputercooling,though,maygotoasystemevenlesstechy

arApplelauncheda

personalcomputerthatiscooledbyliquidthatispumpedthroughlittlechannelsin

theprocessor,andthencetoaradiator,

improveonthis,IBM'sresearchlaboratoryinZurichisexperimentingwithtinyjets

thatstirtheliquidupandthusmakesureallofiteventuallytouchestheoutsideofthe

uture,therefore,a

combinationofmicrochannelsandeitherthermoelectricsorparaelectricsmightcool

,asitwere,handinhandwiththenew.

(830words)

Questions1-5

Completeeachofthefollowingstatementswiththescientistorcompanynamefrom

theboxbelow.

WritetheappropriatelettersA-Finboxes1-5onyouranswersheet.

schenko

kouri

nkatasubramanian

1....andhisresearchgroupuseparaelectricfilmavailablefromthemarkettoproduce

[]

cooling.

2....soldmicroprocessorsrunningat60mcyclesasecondin1993.

3....saysthathehasmaderefrigeratorswhichcancoolthehotspotsofcomputerchips

by10℃.

4....claimstohavemadearefrigeratorsmallenoughtobebuiltintoacomputerchip.

5....attemptstoproducebettercoolinginpersonalcomputersbystirringupliquid

withtinyjetstomakesuremaximumheatexchange.

Questions6-9

Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthereadingpassage?

Inboxes6-9onyouranswersheetwrite

TRUEifthestatementistrueaccordingtothepassage

FALSEifthestatementisfalseaccordingtothepassage

NOTGIVENiftheinformationisnotgiveninthepassage

ectricmaterialscangenerateacurrentwhenelectrodesareattachedtothem.

nkohassuccessfullyappliedhislaboratorydiscoverytomanufacturing

moreefficientreferigerators.

ngthefrequencyoflogicaloperationsinsideamicroprocessordoublesthe

heatoutput.

lachievebettercomputercoolingbycombiningmicrochannelswith

paraelectrics.

Question10

ChoosetheappropriatelettersA-Dandwritetheminbox10onyouranswersheet.

ethodofdisposingheatincomputersmayhaveabrightprospect?

[]

ngtheprocessors?heatsinks.

ngthefansthatcirculateairovertheprocessor抯heatsinks.

ngfromsingle-coreprocessorstosystemsofsubunits.

theabove.

Questions11-14

Completethenotesbelow.

ChooseonesuitablewordfromtheReadingPassageaboveforeachanswer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes11-14onyouranswersheet.

Traditionalrefrigeratorsuse...11...ent,scientists

aresearchingforothermethodstoproducerefrigeration,especiallyincomputer

microprocessors....12...materialshavebeentriedtogeneratetemperaturedropsfive

timesbiggerthananypreviouslyrecorded....13...effecthasalsobeenadoptedby

tureversionofacar...14...

mayalsobeasystemtorealizeidealcomputercoolinginthefuture.

KeyandExplanations:

1.D

SeeParagraph3:...AlexMischenko,ommercially

availableparaelectricfilm,heandhiscolleagueshavegeneratedtemperaturedrops...

2.C

SeeParagraph5:ThefirstPentiumchipssoldbyDrMoore'scompany,Intel,in1993,

ranat60mcyclesasecond.

3.F

SeeParagraph8:...RamaVenkatasubramanian,ofNextremeThermalSolutionsin

NorthCarolina,claimstohavemadethermoelectricrefrigeratorsthatcansitonthe

backofcomputerchipsandcoolhotspotsby10℃.

[]

4.E

SeeParagraph8:AliShakouri,oftheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaCruz,sayshis

areevensmaller梥osmallthattheycangoinsidethechip.

5.B

SeeParagraph9:Toimproveonthis,IBM'sresearchlaboratoryinZurichis

experimentingwithtinyjetsthatstirtheliquidupandthusmakesureallofit

eventuallytouchestheoutsideofthechannel--thepartwheretheheatexchangetakes

place.

SeeParagraph2:...ctlikebatterieswhentheyundergo

atemperaturechange:attachelectrodestothemandtheygenerateacurrent.

SeeParagraph3(Thatmaybeenoughtochangethephenomenonfromalaboratory

curiositytosomethingwithcommercialapplications.)andParagraph4(Astowhat

thoseapplicationsmightbe,,nevertheless,

seesputtinghisdiscoverytouseinmore

efficientdomesticfridges?

SeeParagraph5:Heatisreleasedeverytimealogicaloperationisperformedinsidea

microprocessor,sothefastertheprocessoris,ngthe

frequencyquadruplestheheatoutput.

EN

SeeParagraph9:Inthefuture,therefore,acombinationofmicrochannelsandeither

thermoelectricsorparaelectricsmightcoolcomputers.

10.D

SeeParagraph6:Tweakingtheprocessor'sheatsinks?

ideaofshiftingfrom

single-coreprocessorstosystems?alsoseemstohavetheendoftheroadinsight.

[]

SeeParagraph1:Today'shigh-techworld,however,demandshigh-techrefrigeration.

rchisonforsomethingtoreplace

them.

ectric

SeeParagraph3:Usingcommerciallyavailableparaelectricfilm,heandhis

colleagueshavegeneratedtemperaturedropsfivetimesbiggerthananypreviously

recorded.

electric

SeeParagraph7:...raelectricmaterials,this

generateselectricityfromaheatsourceandproducescoolingfromanelectrical

paraelectrics,asignificantbodyofresearchersisalreadyworkingon

it.

or

SeeParagraph9:Thelastwordincomputercooling,though,maygotoasystemeven

lesstechythanaheatpump--aminiatureversionofacarradiator.

★Seekinganenergyholytrinity

Jan10th2007

1NEELIEKROES,theEuropeanUnion’scompetitioncommissioner,didnot

minceherwordswhenreportingonEurope’senergymarketsonWednesdayJanuary

’senergyfirmshavefailedtoinvestinnetworksandsocustomersare

“verticallyintegrated”energycompaniessuchasElectricitéde

France(EDF)orGermany’,widelydubbedas“nationalchampions”,are

ompetition,eagerforartificially

highprices,theyarehelpingtoblocktheefficientgeneration,transmissionand

distributionofenergyonthecontinent.

swantstoseecheaper

energy,andintendstopushsupplierstodivesttheirdistributionnetworkandtoget

themtoinvestmoreintransportationsystemssothatmoreenergy—intheformofgas,

orelectricity,forexample—markablyhard,for

[]

example,forgas-poorGermanytoimportfromtheneighbouring,gas-rich

iesthatdominatenationalmarketshave,sofar,hadlittleinterest

inimprovingtheinterconnectionswhichwouldmeanlowerpricesforconsumers

acrossthecontinent.

3MsKroes,ofcourse,opeanCommission,

whichonthesamedaypresenteditsrecommendationforimprovingEUenergypolicy,

alsowantstoseetheunbundlingofownership,thelegalseparationofenergy

suppliersandtransporters,somethingthattheintegratedenergycompaniesand

interestedgovernments,notablyinFranceandGermany,areboundtooppose

ferociously.

4Complicatingthematterisanargumentoverthesecurityofenergysupplyin

sbeenmadeoftheriskforwesternEuropeofdependingtooheavily

underVladimirPutinispronetousingenergy

exportsasablunttoolofforeignpolicy,especiallywhentryingtobullycountriesin

arRussiainterruptedgasdeliveriestoUkraine,affecting

ekitblockedoilexportspassing

viaBelarustoEurope,thoughthatspatwassoonresolved.

5Theriskisthatconcernsaboutsecurityofsupplymaybeusedspuriouslyby

t

DFmayclaimthatonlyprotectednationalchampionsareableto

securesupply,

alsaretoooftenpoliticallymotivatedandfarfrom

tionhasbeentriedforlongenoughandevidentlyhasnotworked

fortheinternalmarket,norhavethesecompaniessecuredthebestdealsfor

consumersfromtheRussians.

6Incontrast,theCommission'snewpolicyproposes,ideally,abreak-upof

thesecompaniesintosuppliersanddistributors.(Asasecondbestsolution,especially

forFranceandGermany,itrecommendsthemanagementofthenetworksbyathird

party.)ProperlyindependentmanagersofEurope'senergynetworkswouldhavea

stronginc

thegasmarketanothermeansofensuringcompetitionandsecuritywouldbefindinga

morediverserangeofsuppliers,forexamplebybuildingmoreterminalsforthe

dalsobelikelytomeanlowerprices,ifthe

exampleofliberalisedBritainoverthepasttenyearsisanythingtogoby.

7Whetheranyofthisislikelytohappensoon,however,

[]

CommissionisalsocallingforEuropeangovernmentstoagreeonacommoneffortto

reducecarbonemissionsbyatleast20%by2020(comparedwith1990levels).If

Americaiswillingtoplayball,theCommissionproposestoreduceemissionsbyas

muchas30%.Achievingeithertargetwouldmeanpromotingcleanercars,amore

effectiveemissions-tradingsystemforEurope,wideruseofpublictransportanda

sharpincreaseintheuseofrenewablesourcesofenergy,likewindandsolarpower.

Allthatislaudableenough,butwillalsorequirepoliticalhorse-tradingas

governments—Europe’sleadersareduetomeetinMarchtodiscussthevarious

energyproposals—trytoavoidcommitmentsthatmayhurtdomesticenergy

companiesormakeEuropeanfirmslesscompetitivethanrivalsinAmerica,Asiaand

elsewhere.

(689words)

Questions1-5

Dothefollowingstatementsreflecttheviewsofthewriterinthereadingpassage?

Inboxes1-5onyouranswersheetwrite

YESifthestatementreflectstheviewsofthewriter

NOifthestatementcontradictstheviewsofthewriter

NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationaboutthisinthepassage

’senergycompanieshavefundedtheconstructionofthedistribution

network.

asbeenawiderangeofenergypriceswithinEurope.

-poorGermanyhastopayapricehigherthanaveragetoimportgasfrom

itsneighbour.

DFmayopposetheliberalisationduetotheirconcernsaboutthe

securityofenergysupply.

opeanCommissionproposestoreducecarbonemissionsby30%if

ingtocutits.

Questions6-10

Lookattheboxofcountriesbelow.

ChooseOneorTwocountriestocompletethefollowingsentences.

Writeyouranswersinboxes6-10onyouranswersheet.

Countries

s

n

[]

y

e

.S.

’sdangerousforwesternEuropetodependtoomuchongasimports

from……

alisedpolicyofenergysupplywasenforcedovertenyearsin…

arenergysuppliesincentralandwesternEuropewasaffectedowing

totheinterruptionofgasdeliveriesto…

ernmentsin……areboundtoopposetheseparationofenergy

suppliersandtransporters?

ortspassingvia…toEuropewasblockedthisweek.

Questions11-14

ChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthereadingpassageaboveforeach

answer.

Writeyouranswersinboxes11-14.

isagreeswithenergyfirmstostrikelong-termdealswithforeign

suppliersbecausesuchdealsareusuallyfarfrom…

roposestosplitthose“nationalchampions”into…

iverserangeofsupplierswouldguarantee…intheEuropeangas

market.

lizationofcarbonemissionsreductionwouldrequirethepromotionof

cleanercars,abetteremissions-tradingsystem,wideruseofpublictransportandmore

useof…ofenergy.

KeyandExplanations:

Seepara.1:Europe’senergyfirmshavefailedtoinvestinnetworks…

Seepara.2:EnergypricesvarywildlyacrossEurope.

en

Seepara.2:Itisremarkablyhard,forexample,forgas-poorGermanytoimportfrom

theneighbouring,gas-richNetherlands.

[]

Seepara.5:Theriskisthatconcernsaboutsecurityofsupplymaybeusedspuriously

bythoseinEuropewhoopposethesortofliberalisationencouragedbyMsKroes.

DFmayclaimthat…

Seepara.7:IfAmericaiswillingtoplayball,theCommissionproposestoreduce

emissionsbyasmuchas30%.

6.E

Seepara.4:MuchhasbeenmadeoftheriskforwesternEuropeofdependingtoo

heavilyonRussianexportsofgas.

7.B

Seepara.6:Itwouldalsobelikelytomeanlowerprices,iftheexampleofliberalised

Britainoverthepasttenyearsisanythingtogoby.

8.F

Seepara.4:LastyearRussiainterruptedgasdeliveriestoUkraine,affectingsupplies

incentralandwesternEuropetoo.

9.C,D

Seepara.3:…thelegalseparationofenergysuppliersandtransporters,somethingthat

theintegratedenergycompaniesandinterestedgovernments,notablyinFranceand

Germany,areboundtoopposeferociously.

10.A

Seepara.4:ThisweekitblockedoilexportspassingviaBelarustoEurope,though

thatspatwassoonresolved.

arent

Seepara.5:

alsaretoooftenpoliticallymotivatedandfarfrom

transparent.

ersanddistributors

Seethesentencesinpara.1(Those“verticallyintegrated”energycompaniessuchas

ElectricitédeFrance(EDF)orGermany’,widelydubbedas“national

champions”…)andpara.6(…theCommission'snewpolicyproposes,ideally,a

break-upofthesecompaniesintosuppliersanddistributors.)

itionandsecurity

Seepara.6:Forthegasmarketanothermeansofensuringcompetitionandsecurity

wouldbefindingamorediverserangeofsuppliers…

blesources

[]

Seepara.7:Achievingeithertargetwouldmeanpromotingcleanercars,amore

effectiveemissions-tradingsystemforEurope,wideruseofpublictransportanda

sharpincreaseintheuseofrenewablesourcesofenergy…

★StudyFindsWebAntifraudMeasureIneffective

Published:February5,2007NewYorkTimes

etsecurityexpertshavelongknownthatsimplepasswordsdonotfully

udysuggeststhat

apopularsecondarysecuritymeasureprovideslittleadditionalprotection.

dy,producedjointlybyresearchersatHarvardandtheMassachusetts

InstituteofTechnology,

thesystem,currentlyusedbyfinancialinstitutionslikeBankofAmerica,INGDirect

andVanguard,onlinebankingcustomersareaskedtoselectanimage,likeadogor

chesspiece,thattheywillseeeverytimetheylogintotheiraccount.

aisthatifcustomersdonotseetheirimage,theycouldbeatafraudulent

Website,dummieduptolookliketheirbank’s,andshouldnotentertheirpasswords.

ber,theybrought

67BankofAmericacustomersintheBostonareaintoacontrolledenvironmentand

askedthemtoconductroutineonlinebankingactivities,likelookingupaccount

researchershadsecretlywithdrawntheimages.

60participantswhogotthatfarintothestudyandwhoseresultscouldbe

verified,ochosenottologon,citingsecurity

concerns.

6.“Thepremiseisthatsite-authenticationimagesincreasesecuritybecausecustomers

willnotentertheirpasswordsiftheydonotseethecorrectimage,”saidStuart

Schechter,nLaboratory.“Fromthestudywe

learnedthatthepremiseisrightlessthan10percentofthetime.”

d:“Ifabankweretoaskmeiftheyshoulddeployit,Iwouldsayno,wait

forsomethingbetter,”hesaid.

temhassomehigh-powersupportersinthefinancialservicesworld,many

2005,theFederalFinancial

InstitutionsExaminationCouncil,aninteragencybodyoffederalbankingregulators,

determinedthatpasswordsalonedidnoteffectivelythwartintruderslikeidentity

thieves.

ednewguidelines,askingfinancialWebsitestofindbetterwaysforbanks

y2007wassetasthecompliance

[]

date,thoughthecouncilhasyettobeginenforcingthemandate.

mmediatelyknewwhattheydidnotwanttodo:askcustomerstodownload

newsecuritysoftware,orcarryaroundhardwaredevicesthatfeedthemPINcodes

lutionswouldaddanextralayerof

securitybut,thebanksbelieved,detractfromtheconvenienceofonlinebanking.

gesystem,introducedin2004byaSiliconValleyfirmcalledPassMark

Security,

Americawasamongthefirsttoadoptit,inJune2005,underthebrandnameSiteKey,

askingits21millionWebsiteuserstoselectanimagefromthousandsofpossible

choicesandtochooseauniquephrasetheywouldseeeverytimetheyloggedin.

y“givesourcustomersafairlyeasywayofauthenticatingtheBankof

AmericaWebsite,”saidSanjayGupta,ane-commerceexecutiveatthebank.“Itwas

verywellreceived.”

chers,however,foundthatmostonlinebanking

spondents

loggedinduringthestudy,theysawasitemaintenancemessageonthescreenwhere

ormessagealsohada

conspicuousspellingmistake,furthersuggestingsomethingfishy.

fBankofAmericasaidhewasnottroubledbytheresultsofthesurvey,

andstressedthatSiteKeyhadmadethebank’saidthat

thesystemwasonlyasinglepartofalargersecurityblanket.“It’snotlikewe’re

bettingthebankonSiteKey,”hesaid.

nancialinstitutions,likeBankofAmerica,haveotherwaystotellifa

ksoftendropasmallsoftwareprogram,calleda

cookie,ontoauser’ustomer

logsinfromanothermachine,hemaybeaskedpersonalquestions,likehismother’s

maidenname.

Dhamija,theHarvardresearcherwhoconductedthestudy,pointsoutthat

swindlerscanusetheirdummyWebsitestoaskcustomersthosepersonalquestions.

Shesaidthatthestudydemonstratedthatsite-authenticationimagesarefundamentally

flawedand,worse,mightactuallydetractfromsecuritybygivingusersafalsesense

ofconfidence.

urity,thecompanythatboughtPassMarklastyear,“hasalotofgreatdata

onhowSiteKeyinstillstrustandconfidenceandgoodfeelingsintheircustomers,”

asaid.“mesthe

[]

appearanceofsecurityismoreimportantthansecurityitself.”

()

Questions1-5

Dothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninthepassage?Please

write

TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththewriter

FALSEifthestatementdoesnotagreewiththewriter

NOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationaboutthisinthepassage

ingtointernetsecurityexperts,secondarysecuritymeasuresprovidelittle

additionalprotectionagainstfraud.

arvardandMITstudy,twosubjectsdidn’tlogonwithoutseeingthecorrect

pictures.

ingtoSchechter,morethan90%ofonlinebankingcustomersstudiedlogged

onwithoutseeingtherightpictures.

gesystemistheonlysecuritymeasurethatthebanksmentionedinthe

passagehavecurrently.

Americaisthefirstbankthatadoptedtheimagesystem.

Questions6-13

AnswerthefollowingquestionsorcompletethefollowingsentencesbychoosingNO

MORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.

INGDirectandVanguard?

ghtonlinebankingcustomersbecheatedtogiveatafraudulentWebsite?

ystoponlinebankingcustomersfromusingnewverificationmethods?

toonlinebankingsecurityistoverifythe______ofcustomers.

sPassMarkSecuritylocated?

thereasonwhySiteKeyispopularamongonlinebankingcustomers?

?

ysecuritymethodsarementionedinthispassage?

Answerkeys

1.第一段“Nowastudysuggeststhatapopularsecondarysecuritymeasureprovides

littleadditionalprotection.”似与问题文字很接近，但是原文中apopularsecondary

securitymeasure是指特定的一个措施，而非泛指所有secondarysecuritymeasure。

原文没有其它secondarysecuritymeasure安全有效性的内容。故应选择NG。

2.见第4、5段内容。第四段“Buttheresearchershadsecretlywithdrawnthe

images.”即研究人员撤下了图形，第五段“Onlytwochosenottologon,citing

[]

securityconcerns.”，有两个人因为安全考虑未进入。

3.T见第6段。

4.F见第11、14段。

5.F见第11段“BankofAmericawasamongthefirsttoadoptit”，可见首批

采用图形识别软件的银行并非BankofAmerica一家。

cialinstitution见第二段。

7.(their)passwords见第三段。

nvenience见第十段。

ty见第八、十段。

nValley见第十一段。

use见第十二段。

intenancemessage见第十三段“Whenrespondents

loggedinduringthestudy,theysawasitemaintenancemessageonthescreenwhere

theirimageandphrasesshouldhavebeenpictured.”

13.4分别见第十段的“downloadnewsecuritysoftware”和“hardwaredevicesthat

feedthemPINcodes”，第十五段的“asmallsoftwareprogram,calledacookie”，以

及本文提到的site-authenticationimages。

（byZhouHong）

★Hackerstargetthehomefront

ThursdayFebruary15,2007

TheGuardian

heUK'sleadingbankshasbeenforcedtoadmitthatorganisedhacking

pastyear,RoyalBankofScotland

hasbeenfightingsystematicattemptstobreakintoitscomputersystemsfromhackers

whohavesentpersonalisedemailscontainingkeyloggerstoitsseniormanagement.

Thishasincludedexecutivesuptoboardlevelandisnowthesubjectofaseparate

investigationbytheSeriousandOrganisedCrimeAgency.

kers

maketheassumptionthatthecomputersbeingusedoutsidetheworkenvironmentare

morevulnerablethanthoseprotectedbyacorporateITdepartment.

Growingthreat

paniesitisagrowingthreatashomeworkingincreases:arecentsurvey

fromtheEqualOpportunitiesCommissionfoundthatmorethan60%oftheUK's

populationwantstheoptionofflexibleworking.

ail

[]

theysendismeticulouslybuilttomakeitattractivetoitstarget,whothecriminals

eemailis

composed,themalwareisjustascarefullydesigned:itisoftenmodifiedtoavoid

detectionbysecuritysoftware.

loggercontainedintheemailinstallsitselfautomaticallyandthencollects

ansthathackers

can,usingtheusernamesandpasswordsstolenbythekeyloggers,connecttoVPNs,

orVirtualPrivateNetworks,whichmanycompaniesusetocreateanencrypted

pathwayintotheirnetworks.

sideabank'snetwork,thehackerscancommunicatedirectlywith

computersholdingaccountinformationandmanipulatefunds.

sactuallyhappened?Insomecasessourcesclaimthatthelogindetailsof

VPNshavebeenobtainedandusedthoughtherehasbeennoconfirmationthatany

acksarenotbelievedtohavefocusedonRBS

buttohavebeenacrossthewholeofthebankingindustry.

ankofScotlandsaidthatthebankhadsufferednolossesasaresultofthe

attacksandadded:"RBShasextremelyrobustprocessesinplaceinordertoprotect

emailattacksareanindustry-wideissueandarenot

isolatedtoaparticularareaoraparticularbank."

arattemptsweremadetosteal

elabs,the

companyresponsibleformonitoringmuchoftheemailtrafficofthegovernmentand

bigbusinessforsuspectsoftware,saidatthebeginningoftheyearthatcriminalshave

beenevolvingmoresophisticatedtechniquestoattackcorporatenetworks.

ingtoMarkSunner,chieftechnologyofficerofMessagelabs,thenumber

rsagothey

werebeingseenonceeverytwomonths,butnowtheyareseeingoneortwoaday.

ThishasbeenaccompaniedbyanincreaseinqualityinthecreationofTrojansand

spyware.

11."Thehackersarenowaimingtotakeovercomputers,particularlythoseofhome

themalicioussoftwarethatweareroutinelyseeingforthatpurpose

willhaveitsownantivirussystembuiltintoitsothattheycankillofftheprogramsof

theircompetitors."

Increasedvigilance

ate,theheadofGetSafeOnline,agovernment-fundedorganisationsetup

[]

toraiseawarenessamongUKbusinessesofcomputercriminals,says:"Thereisnow

anattempttotargetindividualswithinUKbusinesses-includingthebankingsector.

Whatishappeningisthatcrimeisdoingwhatitalwaysdoes,whichislookforthe

rkingiswheretheyperceiveaweakness.

13."Thispointstoaneedforincreasedvigilanceandsecuritybythoseworkingfrom

eworking

tobeeffective,securityneedstobeaseffectiveasifworkinginanoffice."

(667words)

(byZhangJuan)

Questions1-4

AnswerthequestionsbelowusingNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthe

passageforeachanswer.

thehackersusetoattackthecomputersystemoftheRoyalBankof

Scotland?

ordismostlikelytobeusedbyhackerstodescribehomecomputers?

themajorityofpeopleintheUKprefer?

ackerscollectinformationsoastocomposeemails?

hackersobtainillegallytogainaccesstobanks’computernetwork?

Questions5-12

ORETHAN

THREEWORDSforeachanswer.

oflogindetailsofVPNsbycriminalsdoesnotnecessarilyresultinany

______________.

ankofScotlandclaimedthattheyarenottheonlyvictimof

______________.

atenetworkswillbeanothertargetofhackerswithimproved

_______________.

acksonindividualshavebeengreatlyincreasedwithin_______________.

________________,softwareusedbycriminalscaneliminateits

competingprograms.

ersarechosenasatargetbecausetheyareconsideredasa

__________.

eOnlineiscallingforanincreasein_____________toensuresafe

homeworking.

AnswersKeys:

[]

1．答案：personalisedemails/keyloggers（见第1段第2句：Forthepastyear,Royal

BankofScotlandhasbeenfightingsystematicattemptstobreakintoitscomputer

systemsfromhackerswhohavesentpersonalisedemailscontainingkeyloggerstoits

seniormanagement.）

2．答案：vulnerable（见第2段：Thehackersmaketheassumptionthatthe

computersbeingusedoutsidetheworkenvironmentaremorevulnerablethanthose

protectedbyacorporateITdepartment.）

3.答案：flexibleworking（见第3段:Forcompaniesitisagrowingthreatashome

workingincreases:arecentsurveyfromtheEqualOpportunitiesCommissionfound

thatmorethan60%oftheUK'spopulationwantstheoptionofflexibleworking.）

4.答案：trawling(the)internet（见第4段第2句：Eachemailtheysendis

meticulouslybuilttomakeitattractivetoitstarget,whothecriminalshavecarefully

researchedbytrawlingtheinternetforinformation.）

5.答案：loginsandpasswords/usernamesandpasswords（见第5段第第1、2句：

Thekeyloggercontainedintheemailinstallsitselfautomaticallyandthencollects

ansthathackers

can,usingtheusernamesandpasswordsstolenbythekeyloggers,…）

6.答案：losses（见第7段第2句：Insomecasessourcesclaimthatthelogindetails

ofVPNshavebeenobtainedandusedthoughtherehasbeennoconfirmationthatany

losseshaveoccurredasaresult.）

7.答案：Trojanemailattacks(见第8段最后1句：Trojanemailattacksarean

industry-wideissueandarenotisolatedtoaparticularareaoraparticularbank.)

8.答案：techniques（见第9段最后1句：…saidatthebeginningoftheyearthat

criminalshavebeenevolvingmoresophisticatedtechniquestoattackcorporate

networks.）

9.答案：twoyears（见第10段第1、2句：AccordingtoMarkSunner,chief

technologyofficerofMessagelabs,thenumberofmaliciousemailstargetedat

rsagotheywerebeingseenonceeverytwo

months,butnowtheyareseeingoneortwoaday.）

10．答案：(an)antivirussystem（见第11段："Thehackersarenowaimingtotake

overcomputers,themalicioussoftwarethat

weareroutinelyseeingforthatpurposewillhaveitsownantivirussystembuiltintoit

sothattheycankillofftheprogramsoftheircompetitors."）

11.答案：weakness（见第12段最后1句：Homeworkingiswheretheyperceive

aweakness.）

[]

12.答案：vigilanceandsecurity（见第13段："Thispointstoaneedforincreased

vigilanceandsecuritybythoseworkingfromhomeandbythoseresponsiblefor

eworkingtobeeffective,securityneedstobe

aseffectiveasifworkinginanoffice."）

北京语言大学雅思培训中心供稿